Language scratchpad/Altlangs/Alternate reconstructions/Proto-Japonic scratchpad/Descendants/Scratchpad

This is a scratchpad for a conlang derived from Proto-Japonic.

Verbs
Verbs generally have three stems. The forms of each stem for the regular verb classes (collectively the first, or athematic, conjugation) are as follows:

The stem forms for the irregular classes are as follows:

From top to bottom, the conjugations listed in the above table are:
 * Semi-thematic (second conjugation)
 * Thematic (third conjugation)
 * The light verb "to do" (fourth conjugation)
 * The verb "to come" (fifth conjugation)
 * Existentials and copulas (sixth conjugation)
 * The verb "to die" (seventh conjugation)

The fourth, fifth and seventh conjugations only contain one verb each, while the sixth only contains a handful of verbs (including the existentials am and um and the copula jam).

The stem forms of second conjugation verbs can vary, depending on the stem-final vowel:

Among second conjugation verbs, the verb jum ("to say") is particularly irregular; its stems are ē-, j- and it- respectively. The seventh conjugation is anomalous in that its first stem is unaffected by umlaut, unlike the other irregular classes' first stems.

Verb forms
The following table lists various verb forms for a number of verbs: Note that the -m in the present and past forms is a marker of the indicative mood, and may be absent or replaced. Additionally, the regular negative of am is used for jam (copula) instead, and the actual negative of am is nēn (participle nēda). The negative -n (but not the corresponding participle -da) is the only ending that induces umlaut of the first stem's final vowel.

Aspectual forms are built on the participle (with only kačum showing the past and future forms in the following table):

Voice forms and the potential are as follows:

The finite, attributive and emphatic forms of kačum are below:

The following tables list the finite, attributive and emphatic forms for the irregular classes: