Namari language

Nouns
Nouns in Namari decline for case (12 cases) and number (singular, dual and plural). In addition, nouns have topic and focus markers. Nouns can be split into three general declensional classes, depending on how they construct the nominative case. The first two declension classes are thematic (vowel-stem), while the third is athematic (consonant-stem). The first declension has unmarked nominatives, while the second declension constructs the nominative (and vocative) by changing the final vowel. The third declension marks the nominative with a suffix.

List of cases:
 * The nominative case (Namari: naotegata) marks the agent of the verb. It can either be unmarked, marked with -i, or marked by a change in the final vowel (-a → -e, -o → -e, -o → -i, -e → -i, -u → -i).
 * The accusative case (Namari: mukaiotegata) marks the direct object of the verb. It is typically marked with -o.
 * The vocative case (Namari: yobiotegata) indicates that the noun in question is being addressed. It is only used in formal and poetic language, having largely been replaced by the nominative in colloquial language. It is marked with -yo.
 * The genitive case (Namari: mochiotegata) indicates that the noun in question modifies another noun. It is typically used to signify possession. It corresponds to the English preposition 'of'. Inanimate nouns are marked for the genitive with -no, animate nouns with -ga.
 * The dative case (Namari: moyaiotegata) marks the indirect object of the verb, or a beneficiary. It corresponds somewhat to the English preposition 'to'. It is marked with -n for thematic nouns and -ni for athematic nouns.
 * The instrumental case (Namari: michiotegata) marks the means by which the verb is performed. It corresponds to one sense of the English preposition 'with'. It is marked with -de.
 * The comitative case (Namari: tomonaiotegata) marks any noun which accompanies the agent in the action. It corresponds to the other sense of the English preposition 'with'. It is marked with -to.
 * The ablative case (Namari: kayaotegata) marks the origin of an action. It corresponds to the English preposition 'from'. It is marked with -kaya.
 * The allative case (Namari: yukiotegata) marks the destination of an action. It corresponds to the English preposition 'towards'. It is marked with -mpe for thematic nouns and -pe for athematic nouns.
 * The comparative case (Namari: yukaiotegata) marks a noun by which a comparison is made. In this sense it very roughly corresponds to the English preposition 'than'. It is marked with -yoi.
 * The terminative case (Namari: pateotegata) marks the limit of an action. It is marked with -made
 * The locative case (Namari: tokoyōtegata) marks the location in which the action is performed. It is marked with -nde for thematic nouns and -nite for athematic nouns.

Other markers:
 * The focus marker (-zu) indicates the focus of the sentence. Note that the existence of a focus marker in the main clause of a sentence forces the predicative verb into the attributive form; this process is referred to as kakari-musubi (Namari: kakai-musubi).
 * The topic marker (-ha for thematic nouns in the nominative case and all nouns in cases other than the nominative, accusative or dative, -a for athematic nouns in the nominative case, -ba in the accusative case, -mpa/-nya in the dative case) indicates the topic of the sentence.
 * The dual (-na) and plural (-ya) markers modify the number of the noun.

Declension of pito (person):

Declension of ame (rain):

Declension of pachimichi (honey):

Personal pronouns
Namari has personal pronouns for all three persons and numbers. It also distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive 'we'. Note that the table below only lists nominative and genitive forms; the other forms are regularly derived from these two forms.

Other pronouns
The table below lists the demonstratives and the interrogative pronouns. Again, only nominative and genitive forms are provided.

Namari lacks relative pronouns. This is because any clause can modify a noun phrase simply by putting the verb in its attributive form and placing itself before the noun phrase to be modified.

Verbs
Verbs in Namari possess a variety of different forms to indicate tense, mood and voice. All of these forms build upon six basic forms: In addition, the attributive and conclusive forms possess forms which agree with the person of the subject: The special agreement forms for the attributive are only used if the verb is a predicate. If the verb is acting as an attributive, only third person forms are used.
 * The imperfective root (Namari: shinamotogata)
 * The infinitive root (Namari: sadanamotogata)
 * The attributive root (Namari: kaaimotogata)
 * The conclusive root (Namari: oaibamotogata)
 * The perfective root (Namari: suēmotogata)
 * The imperative root (Namari: shimimotogata)
 * First person (Namari: uchi-suyomono) conclusive forms: -uwa (quinquegrade), -uyu (bigrade), -yu (monograde), -u (r-irregular), -nu (negative suffix), -kewa (adjective)
 * First person attributive forms: -u (quinquegrade), -uyu (bigrade), -yu (monograde), -u (r-irregular), -nu (negative suffix), -kewa (adjective)
 * Second person (Namari: kiki-suyomono) conclusive forms: -un (quinquegrade), -un (bigrade), -in (monograde), -in (r-irregular), -nna (negative suffix), -kain (adjective)
 * Second person attributive forms: -on (quinquegrade), -uyon (bigrade), -yun (monograde), -on (r-irregular), -non (negative suffix), -kena (adjective)
 * Third person (Namari: soto-suyomono) conclusive forms: -u (quinquegrade), -u (bigrade), -i (monograde), -i (r-irregular), -n (negative suffix), -kai (adjective)
 * Third person attributive forms: -o (quinquegrade), -uyo (bigrade), -yu (monograde), -o (r-irregular), -n (negative suffix), -ke (adjective)

For simplicity, the conjugation tables below will use third person forms.

Tenses
In Namari, what are called tenses (Namari: tokigata) are not strictly tense conjugations. Instead they combine tense and aspect.

Namari has the following tenses: Because of the largely recursive nature of Namari conjugation, there are more possible tenses than listed. However, the nine listed above are the most common.
 * The present tense (Namari: imadokigata) refers to events which occur in the present timeframe, without any reference to past or future state (English equivalent example: "I do"). This is the default tense of all verbs.
 * The aorist tense or simple past (Namari: maedokigata) refers to events which occur at a point in the past, without any reference to the state at other times (English equivalent example: "I did"). This is marked by combining the perfective root with -i (r-irregular conjugation).
 * The future tense (Namari: atodokigata) refers to events which occur at a point in the future, without any reference to the state at other times (English equivalent example: "I shall/will do"). This is marked by combining the imperfective root with -mī (for consonant-stem verbs) or -kemī (for vowel-stem verbs). Both markers conjugate as an r-irregular verb.
 * The perfect tense (Namari: patedokigata) refers to events which were completed at or before the present timeframe (English equivalent example: "I have done"). This is marked by combining the infinitive root with -ta and applying the appropriate euphonic changes (for consonant-stem verbs). This marker conjugates irregularly.
 * The progressive tense (Namari: tukkedokigata) refers to events which are ongoing in the present timeframe (English equivalent example: "I am doing"). This is marked by combining the infinitive root with -toi and applying the appropriate euphonic changes (for consonant-stem verbs). This marker conjugates as an r-irregular verb.
 * The imperfect tense (Namari: maedukkedokigata) refers to events which were ongoing at some point in the past (English equivalent example: "I was doing"). This is marked by combining the infinitive root with -toei and applying the appropriate euphonic changes (for consonant-stem verbs). This tense combines the progressive with the aorist.
 * The pluperfect tense (Namari: ōbatedokigata) refers to events which were completed at or before a certain point in the past (English equivalent example: "I had done"). This is marked by combining the perfective root with -tta. This tense combines the aorist with the perfect.
 * The future perfect tense (Namari: atobatedokigata) refers to events which will be completed at or before a certain point in the future (English equivalent example: "I shall/will have done"). This is marked by combining the imperfective root with -mitta (for consonant-stem verbs) or -kemitta (for vowel-stem verbs). This tense combines the future with the perfect.
 * The future progressive tense (Namari: atodukkedokigata) refers to events which will be ongoing at some point in the future (English equivalent example: "I shall/will be doing"). This is marked by combining the imperfective root with -mittoi (for consonant-stem verbs) or -kemittoi (for vowel-stem verbs). This tense combines the future with the progressive.

Moods
Verbs in Namari can also be marked for mood (Namari: nottoigata).

Namari has the following moods: Namari does not have a subjunctive mood.
 * The indicative mood (Namari: naonottoigata) indicates a factual statement. It is the default mood of all verbs, thus it can be conjugated for all tenses.
 * The optative mood (Namari: nozominottoigata) indicates a statement one desires to be true. It is derived from the provisional verb forms and only has two tenses (present: imperfective + -bakai, aorist: perfective + -bakai). The marker conjugates as a verbal adjective.
 * The imperative mood (Namari: shiminottoigata) indicates a command. It uses the imperative root directly and only has one tense (present). The prohibitive (negative imperative) is formed by combining the attributive root with -na.
 * The hortative mood (Namari: kangaenottoigata) indicates a statement that is intended to occur. Alternatively, it can be considered a first-person imperative. It only has one tense (present). It is formed by combining the imperfective root with -mu (consonant-stem verbs) or -kemu (vowel-stem verbs). This marker conjugates as a quinquegrade (consonant-stem) verb.
 * The conditional mood (Namari: tadainottoigata) indicates a statement that would be true if a given conditional statement is also true. It only has three tenses (present, perfect and progressive). It is formed by combining the infinitive root (verbs) or bare stem (adjectives) with -gayu. This marker conjugates as a quinquegrade verb.
 * The desiderative mood (Namari: poshinottoigata) indicates a statement of desire by the subject and can be conjugated for all tenses. It is formed by combining the infinitive root with -takai. This marker conjugates as a verbal adjective.

Non-finite forms
Verbs in Namari also have several non-finite forms:
 * The infinitive (Namari: sadanagata) is a noun form of the verb, formed by using the infinitive root directly. Its meaning is that of either a single instance of the verb (e.g. aiki can mean a walk) or an abstract expression (similar to the to-infinitive of English).
 * There are two types of participles in Namari. The adjectival participle, often referred to as the attributive (Namari: kaaigata), is used to modify nouns or noun phrases and uses the attributive root directly. The adverbial participle (Namari: wakegata) is formed by adding -te to the infinitive root and applying the appropriate euphonic changes (for consonant-stem verbs). This form is mainly used as a base for auxillary verbs.
 * The gerund (Namari: nagotobakata) is another noun form of the verb, formed by combining the attributive root with -no. Its meaning is largely the same as that of the English gerund.

Conjugation of kaku (to write):

Conjugation of oku (to rise):

Conjugation of mī (to see):

Irregular verbs
Conjugation of su (to do):

Conjugation of ku (to come):

Conjugation of ai (to be, existential inanimate): The verb oi (to be, existential animate) is conjugated identically, as well as the aorist and future conjugations and the copula.