Language scratchpad/Altlangs/Donsilan languages


 * For details on the Donsilan languages not derived from real-life languages, see ../../Donsilan languages.

This subarticle lists the Donsilan languages derived, directly or indirectly, from real-life languages.

Unnamed language
As-yet unnamed, this language is derived from the Indo-European languages.

Phonology
Under some circumstances, the laryngeals h2 and h3 are preserved. The former is retained as /x/ (&lt;h&gt;), while the latter merges with /g/ word-finally and before a consonant, and becomes /v/ word-initially and next to h1.

Outcome of Proto-Indo-European consonants:

Writing system
The writing system used is an abugida that preserves the consonantal root nature of the language. Consonants have separate symbols (transliterated as uppercase letters), while the vowels /a/, /e/ and /o/ are denoted using diacritics (transliterated as &lt;a&gt;, &lt;e&gt; and &lt;o&gt;). "Hiatus" has its own symbol, transliterated as &lt;'&gt;. Long vowels can be denoted by adding the corresponding consonant letter (&lt;H&gt; for /a/, &lt;E&gt; for /e/, &lt;V&gt; for /o/, &lt;I&gt; for /i/, &lt;U&gt; for /u/), but /aː/, /eː/ and /oː/ also have their own dedicated diacritics. Note that the phonetic transcription used in this article does not accurately represent the writing system (e.g. &lt;S&gt; normally represents /s/, but it represents /x/ after &lt;R&gt;, &lt;U&gt;, &lt;K&gt;, &lt;Q&gt;, &lt;I&gt;, &lt;Þ&gt;, &lt;Ð&gt;, &lt;G&gt;, &lt;C&gt;, &lt;Ž&gt;, &lt;X&gt; and &lt;W&gt; and before a vowel).

Nouns
In general, nouns decline for nine cases and three numbers.

The declension of thematic stems (o-stems and ā-stems) are fairly simple, but athematic stems have considerably more complex declension, often involving ablaut.

o-stems
Neuter declension:

i-stems
Neuter declension:

H-derivative declension:

u-stems
Neuter declension:

H-derivative declension:

n-stems
Amphikinetic declension:

Amphikinetic neuter declension:

Hysterokinetic declension:

Proterokinetic neuter declension:

Cardinal numbers

 * 1: oinos; EoINoS; sēm; SeMS
 * 2: dwō; DUoE
 * 3: treis; TReIeS
 * 4: ketwores; QeTUoReS
 * 5: penke; PeNQe
 * 6: sweks (swekš-V-); ''SUeÞS
 * 7: septum; SePTM
 * 8: ostōu; ''VoÞToEU
 * 9: eneun; ENeUN
 * 10: deþum DeÞMT
 * 20: ewīþuntī; DUIDÞMTIE
 * 30: trīþonta; TRIDÞoMTH
 * 40: ketureþonta; QeTURDÞoMTH
 * 50: penkēþonta; PeNQeDÞoMTH
 * 60: swekseþonta; SUeÞSDÞoMTH
 * 70: septumeþonta; SePTMDÞoMTH
 * 80: ostōþonta; VoÞToDÞoMTH
 * 90: eneuneþonta; ENeUNDÞoMTH
 * 100: (sum)eþuntom; (SM)DÞMToM
 * 200: dwīþuntoi; DUIDÞMToIE
 * 300: trīþuntah; TRIDÞMTeH
 * 400: ketureþuntah; QeTURDÞMTeH
 * 500: penkēþuntah; PeNQeDÞMTeH
 * 600: swekseþuntah; SUeÞSDÞMTeH
 * 700: septumeþuntah; SePTMDÞMTeH
 * 800: ostōþuntah; VoÞToDÞMTeH
 * 900: eneuneþuntah; ENeUNDÞMTeH
 * 1000: sunðeslom; SMŽeSLoM
 * 2000: dwiðesloi; DUIŽeSLoIE
 * 3000: triðeslah; TRIŽeSLeH
 * 4000: keturðeslah; QeTURŽeSLeH
 * 5000: penkeðeslah; PeNQeŽeSLeH
 * 6000: sweksðeslah; SUeÞSŽeSLeH
 * 7000: septunðeslah; SePTMŽeSLeH
 * 8000: ostoðeslah; VoÞToŽeSLeH
 * 9000: eneunðeslah; ENeUNŽeSLeH
 * 10000: tūsonti; TUHSoNTI

The numeral oinos declines as a thematic adjective. The numeral dwō only has dual forms, and declines as follows:

The numerals treis and ketwores have special feminine forms. Their declensions are listed below:

Ordinal numbers

 * 1st: promos; PRVMoS
 * 2nd: dwiteros; DUITeRoS
 * 3rd: tritos; TRIToS
 * 4th: keturtos; QeTURToS
 * 5th: penktos; PeNQToS
 * 6th: swekstos; SUeÞSToS
 * 7th: septumos; SePTMoS
 * 8th: ostōwos; VoÞToEUoS
 * 9th: eneunos; ENeUNoS
 * 10th: deþumos; DeÞMoS

Verbs
Verbs are easily the most complex part of speech in the language. In general, there are five sets of endings, which may either come in primary, secondary or imperative forms.

The following lists the active thematic set:

The following lists the active athematic set:

The following lists the mediopassive thematic set:

The following lists the mediopassive athematic set:

The following lists the perfect set:

There are three aspect forms for each verb, which may or may not be related to each other (e.g. the copula has the forms es- [E-S], fū-/fuh- [F-UH] and awes- [HU-S] for its three aspect forms). The first form is the imperfective form, the second the perfective (aorist) form, and the third the stative (perfect) form. Each aspect form conjugates differently, and the stative form is unique in that it uses the perfect set in the indicative.

The following lists a partial conjugation table for the copula:

Not listed are non-present forms (the past is formed with -bew-/-bu-, while the future uses -būje-).