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Le040993:

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2025-12-17T22:21:39Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-12-04T13:08:59Z

Le040993:

== Unnamed language ==

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|ɲ
|align=center|(ŋ)
|align=center|(ŋʷ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|align=center|kʷ gʷ
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f
|align=center|θ ð
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ɕ ʑ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ɕ (d͡ʑ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|align=center|w
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|ʎ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

In addition, there is the archiphoneme /ː/, which lengthens the preceding vowel, if not already long.

==== Vowels ====

The language has a simple five-vowel system (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/), and each vowel may either be short or long.

=== Root structure ===

The maximal shape of the root is ''CR-HRC-'', where:
* ''C'': an obstruent cluster
* ''R'': a sonorant
* ''H'': /f/, /x/, or the archiphoneme /ː/ (forbidden if the root-final ''C'' itself contains an /f/ or /x/)

The nucleus of the root is undefined, and can take any vowel /a/, /e/ or /o/, short and long. It may also be omitted.

Within an obstruent cluster the following constraints are observed:
* No cluster contains more than one stop.
* No cluster contains more than one of the non-sibilant fricatives /f/ and /x/.
* No cluster contains more than one /s/.
* If the cluster begins with /ː/, then /f/ and /x/ are forbidden. This is the only location where /ː/ occurs in a cluster.
* If a stop follows or precedes /s/, it must be voiceless.

Additionally, the sequences ''*tl'' and ''*dl'' are forbidden in the onset. It is possible to have onsets containing a labial followed by a semivowel in the root, but the semivowel disappears when next to a vowel and is realised as a full vowel (/i/ or /u/) otherwise.

Other consonants mutate as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Plain
! Palatalised
! Labialised
|-
| /t/
| /t͡ɕ/
| /t͡s/
|-
| /d/
| /ʑ/
| /z/
|-
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /sw/
|-
| /k/
| /θ/
| /kʷ/
|-
| /g/
| /ð/
| /gʷ/
|}

The root structure is mainly shown in the writing system; in spoken language and transliterations, parts of the root structure may be obscured by sandhi.

==== Valid roots ====

The following obstruent clusters are valid:
* ''H'' (''E'', ''H'', ''F'')
* ''s'' (''S'')
* ''P'' (''P'', ''B'', ''T'', ''D'', ''K'', ''G'')
* ''sP'' (''SP'', ''ST'', ''SK'')
* ''HP'' (''EP'', ''EB'', ''ET'', ''ED'', ''EK'', ''EG'', ''HP'', ''HB'', ''HT'', ''HD'', ''HK'', ''HG'', ''FP'', ''FB'', ''FT'', ''FD'', ''FK'', ''FG'')
* ''Hs'' (''ES'', ''HS'', ''FS'')
* ''sH'' (''SH'', ''SF'')
* ''PH'' (''PH'', ''PF'', ''BH'', ''BF'', ''TH'', ''TF'', ''DH'', ''DF'', ''KH'', ''KF'', ''GH'', ''GF'')
* ''Ps'' (''PS'', ''TS'', ''KS'')
* ''sPH'' (''SPH'', ''SPF'', ''STH'', ''STF'', ''SKH'', ''SKF'')
* ''PsH'' (''PSH'', ''PSF'', ''TSH'', ''TSF'', ''KSH'', ''KSF'')
* ''HsP'' (''ESP'', ''HSP'', ''FSP'', ''EST'', ''HST'', ''FST'', ''ESK'', ''HSK'', ''FSK'')
* ''HPs'' (''EPS'', ''HPS'', ''FPS'', ''ETS'', ''HTS'', ''FTS'', ''EKS'', ''HKS'', ''FKS'')

This gives a total of 81 obstruent clusters.

The sonorants are ''M'', ''N'', ''L'', ''R'', ''I'' and ''U''. They only follow obstruent clusters ending in a stop (''P'') or clusters consisting of only one obstruent. No such restriction applies in the coda. The ''H'' phonemes can occur before a sonorant in the coda, provided that the obstruent cluster itself does not contain ''H'' (13 clusters).

Theoretically, this gives 321 possible onsets and 840 codas, for a total of 269,640 roots. However, ''TL'' and ''DL'' roots are forbidden, reducing the number of onsets to 309.

=== Orthography ===

The writing system used is an abugida that preserves the consonantal root nature of the language. Consonants have separate symbols (transliterated as uppercase letters), while the vowels /a/, /e/ and /o/ are denoted using diacritics (transliterated as <a>, <e> and <o>). "Hiatus" has its own symbol, transliterated as <'>.

The following letters are used by the language:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Tenuis
| P /p/
| T /t/
| Þ /θ/
| K /k/
| Q /kʷ/
|-
! Mediae
| B /b/
| D /d/
| Ð /ð/
| G /g/
| C /gʷ/
|-
! Sibilant
|
|
| X /ɕ/
| S /s/
| Z /sw/
|-
! Fricative
|
|
| E /ː/
| H /x/
| F /f/
|-
! Nasal
| M /m/
| N /n/
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
| L /l/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
| R /r/
| I /j/
|
| U /w/
|}

The order of the 22 letters is as follows:
: ''EHFPBMTDNÞÐKGQCXSZLRIU''

The hiatus symbol cannot occur word-initially, but in collation it is sorted before <E>

Vowels are ordered as follows:
: zero, ''e'', ''ē'', ''o'', ''ō'', ''a'', ''ā''

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|First person
!colspan=2|1p inclusive
!colspan=3|Second person
!colspan=3|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
! Dual
! Plural
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| MU mu
| WeN wen
| WeZ wesw
| NeR ner
| NeZ nesw
| TU tu
| IUR jur
| IUS jus
|
|
|
|-
! Accusative
| EMe me
| NFUe nowe
| NSMe unsme
| UFUe uwe
| USMe usme
| TUe twe
| IFUe iwe
| ISMe isme
| SUe swe
| SFUe sowe
| ESMe sme
|-
! Genitive
| MeNe mene
| NoFe nowo
| NoZe noswe
| UoFe wowo
| UoZe woswe
| TeUe tewe
| IoFe jowo
| IoZe joswe
| SeUe sewe
| SoFe sowo
| SoZe soswe
|-
! Dative
| MeNeI menei
| NFUeI nowei
| NSMeI unsmei
| UFUeI uwei
| USMeI usmei
| TeUeI tewei
| IFUeI iwei
| ISMeI ismei
| SeUeI sewei
| SFUeI sowei
| ESMeI smei
|-
! Ablative
| MeNoD menod
| NFUoD nowod
| NSMoD unsmod
| UFUoD uwod
| USMoD usmod
| TeUoD tewod
| IFUoD iwod
| ISMoD ismod
| SeUoD sewod
| SFUoD sowod
| ESMoD smod
|-
! Instrumental
| MeNeE menē
| NFUeE nowē
| NSMeE unsmē
| UFUeE uwē
| USMeE usmē
| TeUeE tewē
| IFUeE iwē
| ISMeE ismē
| SeUeE sewē
| SFUeE sowē
| ESMeE smē
|-
! Locative
| MeNI meni
| NFUI nowi
| NSMI unsmi
| UFUI uwi
| USMI usmi
| TeUI tewi
| IFUI iwi
| ISMI ismi
| SeUI sewi
| SFUI sowi
| ESMI smi
|-
! Allative
| MeNeH menah
| NFUeH nowah
| NSMeH unsmah
| UFUeH uwah
| USMeH usmah
| TeUeH tewah
| IFUeH iwah
| ISMeH ismah
| SeUeH sewah
| SFUeH sowah
| ESMeH smah
|-
! Comitative
| MeNoG menog
| NFUoG nowog
| NSMoG unsmog
| UFUoG uwog
| USMoG usmog
| TeUoG tewog
| IFUoG iwog
| ISMoG ismog
| SeUoG sewog
| SFUoG sowog
| ESMoG smog
|}

=== Roots ===

[[/List of roots/]]

==== Numeral roots ====

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| K-D-
|-
! 2
| T-M-
|-
! 3
|
|-
! 4
|
|-
! 5
|
|-
! 6
|
|-
! 7
|
|-
! 8
|
|-
! 9
|
|-
! 10
|
|}

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-12-04T12:47:29Z

Le040993:

== Unnamed language ==

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|ɲ
|align=center|(ŋ)
|align=center|(ŋʷ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|align=center|kʷ gʷ
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f
|align=center|θ ð
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ɕ ʑ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ɕ (d͡ʑ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|align=center|w
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|ʎ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

In addition, there is the archiphoneme /ː/, which lengthens the preceding vowel, if not already long.

==== Vowels ====

The language has a simple five-vowel system (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/), and each vowel may either be short or long.

=== Root structure ===

The maximal shape of the root is ''CR-HRC-'', where:
* ''C'': an obstruent cluster
* ''R'': a sonorant
* ''H'': /f/, /x/, or the archiphoneme /ː/ (forbidden if the root-final ''C'' itself contains an /f/ or /x/)

The nucleus of the root is undefined, and can take any vowel /a/, /e/ or /o/, short and long. It may also be omitted.

Within an obstruent cluster the following constraints are observed:
* No cluster contains more than one stop.
* No cluster contains more than one of the non-sibilant fricatives /f/ and /x/.
* No cluster contains more than one /s/.
* If the cluster begins with /ː/, then /f/ and /x/ are forbidden. This is the only location where /ː/ occurs in a cluster.
* If a stop follows or precedes /s/, it must be voiceless.

Additionally, the sequences ''*tl'' and ''*dl'' are forbidden in the onset. It is possible to have onsets containing a labial followed by a semivowel in the root, but the semivowel disappears when next to a vowel and is realised as a full vowel (/i/ or /u/) otherwise.

Other consonants mutate as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Plain
! Palatalised
! Labialised
|-
| /t/
| /t͡ɕ/
| /t͡s/
|-
| /d/
| /ʑ/
| /z/
|-
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /sw/
|-
| /k/
| /θ/
| /kʷ/
|-
| /g/
| /ð/
| /gʷ/
|}

The root structure is mainly shown in the writing system; in spoken language and transliterations, parts of the root structure may be obscured by sandhi.

==== Valid roots ====

The following obstruent clusters are valid:
* ''H'' (''E'', ''H'', ''F'')
* ''s'' (''S'')
* ''P'' (''P'', ''B'', ''T'', ''D'', ''K'', ''G'')
* ''sP'' (''SP'', ''ST'', ''SK'')
* ''HP'' (''EP'', ''EB'', ''ET'', ''ED'', ''EK'', ''EG'', ''HP'', ''HB'', ''HT'', ''HD'', ''HK'', ''HG'', ''FP'', ''FB'', ''FT'', ''FD'', ''FK'', ''FG'')
* ''Hs'' (''ES'', ''HS'', ''FS'')
* ''sH'' (''SH'', ''SF'')
* ''PH'' (''PH'', ''PF'', ''BH'', ''BF'', ''TH'', ''TF'', ''DH'', ''DF'', ''KH'', ''KF'', ''GH'', ''GF'')
* ''Ps'' (''PS'', ''TS'', ''KS'')
* ''sPH'' (''SPH'', ''SPF'', ''STH'', ''STF'', ''SKH'', ''SKF'')
* ''PsH'' (''PSH'', ''PSF'', ''TSH'', ''TSF'', ''KSH'', ''KSF'')
* ''HsP'' (''ESP'', ''HSP'', ''FSP'', ''EST'', ''HST'', ''FST'', ''ESK'', ''HSK'', ''FSK'')
* ''HPs'' (''EPS'', ''HPS'', ''FPS'', ''ETS'', ''HTS'', ''FTS'', ''EKS'', ''HKS'', ''FKS'')

This gives a total of 81 obstruent clusters.

The sonorants are ''M'', ''N'', ''L'', ''R'', ''I'' and ''U''. They only follow obstruent clusters ending in a stop (''P'') or clusters consisting of only one obstruent. No such restriction applies in the coda. The ''H'' phonemes can occur before a sonorant in the coda, provided that the obstruent cluster itself does not contain ''H'' (13 clusters).

Theoretically, this gives 321 possible onsets and 840 codas, for a total of 269,640 roots. However, ''TL'' and ''DL'' roots are forbidden, reducing the number of onsets to 309.

=== Orthography ===

The writing system used is an abugida that preserves the consonantal root nature of the language. Consonants have separate symbols (transliterated as uppercase letters), while the vowels /a/, /e/ and /o/ are denoted using diacritics (transliterated as <a>, <e> and <o>). "Hiatus" has its own symbol, transliterated as <'>.

The following letters are used by the language:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Tenuis
| P /p/
| T /t/
| Þ /θ/
| K /k/
| Q /kʷ/
|-
! Mediae
| B /b/
| D /d/
| Ð /ð/
| G /g/
| C /gʷ/
|-
! Sibilant
|
|
| X /ɕ/
| S /s/
| Z /sw/
|-
! Fricative
|
|
| E /ː/
| H /x/
| F /f/
|-
! Nasal
| M /m/
| N /n/
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
| L /l/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
| R /r/
| I /j/
|
| U /w/
|}

The order of the 22 letters is as follows:
: ''EHFPBMTDNÞÐKGQCXSZLRIU''

The hiatus symbol cannot occur word-initially, but in collation it is sorted before <E>

Vowels are ordered as follows:
: zero, ''e'', ''ē'', ''o'', ''ō'', ''a'', ''ā''

=== Roots ===

[[/List of roots/]]

==== Numeral roots ====

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| K-D-
|-
! 2
| T-M-
|-
! 3
|
|-
! 4
|
|-
! 5
|
|-
! 6
|
|-
! 7
|
|-
! 8
|
|-
! 9
|
|-
! 10
|
|}

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-24T13:24:59Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-24T13:24:27Z

Le040993:

== Unnamed language ==

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|ɲ
|align=center|(ŋ)
|align=center|(ŋʷ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|align=center|kʷ gʷ
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f
|align=center|θ ð
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ɕ ʑ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ɕ (d͡ʑ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|align=center|w
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|ʎ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

In addition, there is the archiphoneme /ː/, which lengthens the preceding vowel, if not already long.

==== Vowels ====

The language has a simple five-vowel system (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/), and each vowel may either be short or long.

=== Root structure ===

The maximal shape of the root is ''CR-HRC-'', where:
* ''C'': an obstruent cluster
* ''R'': a sonorant
* ''H'': /f/, /x/, or the archiphoneme /ː/ (forbidden if the root-final ''C'' itself contains an /f/ or /x/)

The nucleus of the root is undefined, and can take any vowel /a/, /e/ or /o/, short and long. It may also be omitted.

Within an obstruent cluster the following constraints are observed:
* No cluster contains more than one stop.
* No cluster contains more than one of the non-sibilant fricatives /f/ and /x/.
* No cluster contains more than one /s/.
* If the cluster begins with /ː/, then /f/ and /x/ are forbidden. This is the only location where /ː/ occurs in a cluster.
* If a stop follows or precedes /s/, it must be voiceless.

Additionally, the sequences ''*tl'' and ''*dl'' are forbidden in the onset. It is possible to have onsets containing a labial followed by a semivowel in the root, but the semivowel disappears when next to a vowel and is realised as a full vowel (/i/ or /u/) otherwise.

Other consonants mutate as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Plain
! Palatalised
! Labialised
|-
| /t/
| /t͡ɕ/
| /t͡s/
|-
| /d/
| /ʑ/
| /z/
|-
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /sw/
|-
| /k/
| /θ/
| /kʷ/
|-
| /g/
| /ð/
| /gʷ/
|}

The root structure is mainly shown in the writing system; in spoken language and transliterations, parts of the root structure may be obscured by sandhi.

==== Valid roots ====

The following obstruent clusters are valid:
* ''H'' (''E'', ''H'', ''F'')
* ''s'' (''S'')
* ''P'' (''P'', ''B'', ''T'', ''D'', ''K'', ''G'')
* ''sP'' (''SP'', ''ST'', ''SK'')
* ''HP'' (''EP'', ''EB'', ''ET'', ''ED'', ''EK'', ''EG'', ''HP'', ''HB'', ''HT'', ''HD'', ''HK'', ''HG'', ''FP'', ''FB'', ''FT'', ''FD'', ''FK'', ''FG'')
* ''Hs'' (''ES'', ''HS'', ''FS'')
* ''sH'' (''SH'', ''SF'')
* ''PH'' (''PH'', ''PF'', ''BH'', ''BF'', ''TH'', ''TF'', ''DH'', ''DF'', ''KH'', ''KF'', ''GH'', ''GF'')
* ''Ps'' (''PS'', ''TS'', ''KS'')
* ''sPH'' (''SPH'', ''SPF'', ''STH'', ''STF'', ''SKH'', ''SKF'')
* ''PsH'' (''PSH'', ''PSF'', ''TSH'', ''TSF'', ''KSH'', ''KSF'')
* ''HsP'' (''ESP'', ''HSP'', ''FSP'', ''EST'', ''HST'', ''FST'', ''ESK'', ''HSK'', ''FSK'')
* ''HPs'' (''EPS'', ''HPS'', ''FPS'', ''ETS'', ''HTS'', ''FTS'', ''EKS'', ''HKS'', ''FKS'')

This gives a total of 81 obstruent clusters.

The sonorants are ''M'', ''N'', ''L'', ''R'', ''I'' and ''U''. They only follow obstruent clusters ending in a stop (''P'') or clusters consisting of only one obstruent. No such restriction applies in the coda. The ''H'' phonemes can occur before a sonorant in the coda, provided that the obstruent cluster itself does not contain ''H'' (13 clusters).

Theoretically, this gives 321 possible onsets and 840 codas, for a total of 269,640 roots. However, ''TL'' and ''DL'' roots are forbidden, reducing the number of onsets to 309.

=== Orthography ===

The writing system used is an abugida that preserves the consonantal root nature of the language. Consonants have separate symbols (transliterated as uppercase letters), while the vowels /a/, /e/ and /o/ are denoted using diacritics (transliterated as <a>, <e> and <o>). "Hiatus" has its own symbol, transliterated as <'>.

The following letters are used by the language:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Tenuis
| P /p/
| T /t/
| Þ /θ/
| K /k/
| Q /kʷ/
|-
! Mediae
| B /b/
| D /d/
| Ð /ð/
| G /g/
| C /gʷ/
|-
! Sibilant
|
|
| Š /ɕ/
| S /s/
| Z /sw/
|-
! Fricative
|
|
| E /ː/
| H /x/
| F /f/
|-
! Nasal
| M /m/
| N /n/
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
| L /l/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
| R /r/
| I /j/
|
| U /w/
|}

The order of the 20 letters is as follows:
: ''EHFPBMTDNÞÐKGQCSLRIU''

The hiatus symbol cannot occur word-initially, but in collation it is sorted before <E>

Vowels are ordered as follows:
: zero, ''e'', ''ē'', ''o'', ''ō'', ''a'', ''ā''

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-18T14:00:58Z

Le040993:

== Unnamed language ==

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|ɲ
|align=center|(ŋ)
|align=center|(ŋʷ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|align=center|kʷ gʷ
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f
|align=center|θ ð
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ɕ ʑ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ɕ (d͡ʑ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|align=center|w
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|ʎ
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

In addition, there is the archiphoneme /ː/, which lengthens the preceding vowel, if not already long.

==== Vowels ====

The language has a simple five-vowel system (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/), and each vowel may either be short or long.

=== Root structure ===

The maximal shape of the root is ''CR-HRC-'', where:
* ''C'': an obstruent cluster
* ''R'': a sonorant
* ''H'': /f/, /x/, or the archiphoneme /ː/ (forbidden if the root-final ''C'' itself contains an /f/ or /x/)

The nucleus of the root is undefined, and can take any vowel /a/, /e/ or /o/, short and long. It may also be omitted.

Within an obstruent cluster the following constraints are observed:
* No cluster contains more than one stop.
* No cluster contains more than one of the non-sibilant fricatives /f/ and /x/.
* No cluster contains more than one /s/.
* If the cluster begins with /ː/, then /f/ and /x/ are forbidden. This is the only location where /ː/ occurs in a cluster.
* If a stop follows or precedes /s/, it must be voiceless.

Additionally, the sequences ''*tl'' and ''*dl'' are forbidden in the onset. It is possible to have onsets containing a labial followed by a semivowel in the root, but the semivowel disappears when next to a vowel and is realised as a full vowel (/i/ or /u/) otherwise.

Other consonants mutate as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Plain
! Palatalised
! Labialised
|-
| /t/
| /t͡ɕ/
| /t͡s/
|-
| /d/
| /ʑ/
| /z/
|-
| /s/
| /ɕ/
| /sw/
|-
| /k/
| /θ/
| /kʷ/
|-
| /g/
| /ð/
| /gʷ/
|}

The root structure is mainly shown in the writing system; in spoken language and transliterations, parts of the root structure may be obscured by sandhi.

==== Valid roots ====

The following obstruent clusters are valid:
* ''H'' (''E'', ''H'', ''F'')
* ''s'' (''S'')
* ''P'' (''P'', ''B'', ''T'', ''D'', ''K'', ''G'')
* ''sP'' (''SP'', ''ST'', ''SK'')
* ''HP'' (''EP'', ''EB'', ''ET'', ''ED'', ''EK'', ''EG'', ''HP'', ''HB'', ''HT'', ''HD'', ''HK'', ''HG'', ''FP'', ''FB'', ''FT'', ''FD'', ''FK'', ''FG'')
* ''Hs'' (''ES'', ''HS'', ''FS'')
* ''sH'' (''SH'', ''SF'')
* ''PH'' (''PH'', ''PF'', ''BH'', ''BF'', ''TH'', ''TF'', ''DH'', ''DF'', ''KH'', ''KF'', ''GH'', ''GF'')
* ''Ps'' (''PS'', ''TS'', ''KS'')
* ''sPH'' (''SPH'', ''SPF'', ''STH'', ''STF'', ''SKH'', ''SKF'')
* ''PsH'' (''PSH'', ''PSF'', ''TSH'', ''TSF'', ''KSH'', ''KSF'')
* ''HsP'' (''ESP'', ''HSP'', ''FSP'', ''EST'', ''HST'', ''FST'', ''ESK'', ''HSK'', ''FSK'')
* ''HPs'' (''EPS'', ''HPS'', ''FPS'', ''ETS'', ''HTS'', ''FTS'', ''EKS'', ''HKS'', ''FKS'')

This gives a total of 81 obstruent clusters.

The sonorants are ''M'', ''N'', ''L'', ''R'', ''I'' and ''U''. They only follow obstruent clusters ending in a stop (''P'') or clusters consisting of only one obstruent. No such restriction applies in the coda. The ''H'' phonemes can occur before a sonorant in the coda, provided that the obstruent cluster itself does not contain ''H'' (13 clusters).

Theoretically, this gives 321 possible onsets and 840 codas, for a total of 269,640 roots. However, ''TL'' and ''DL'' roots are forbidden, reducing the number of onsets to 309.

=== Orthography ===

The writing system used is an abugida that preserves the consonantal root nature of the language. Consonants have separate symbols (transliterated as uppercase letters), while the vowels /a/, /e/ and /o/ are denoted using diacritics (transliterated as <a>, <e> and <o>). "Hiatus" has its own symbol, transliterated as <'>.

The following letters are used by the language:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Labial
! Dental
! Palatal
! Velar
! Labiovelar
|-
! Tenuis
| P /p/
| T /t/
| Þ /θ/
| K /k/
| Q /kʷ/
|-
! Mediae
| B /b/
| D /d/
| Ð /ð/
| G /g/
| C /gʷ/
|-
! Sibilant
|
|
|
| S /s/
|
|-
! Fricative
|
|
| E /ː/
| H /x/
| F /f/
|-
! Nasal
| M /m/
| N /n/
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
| L /l/
|
|
|
|-
! Approximant
|
| R /r/
| I /j/
|
| U /w/
|}

The order of the 20 letters is as follows:
: ''EHFPBMTDNÞÐKGQCSLRIU''

The hiatus symbol cannot occur word-initially, but in collation it is sorted before <E>

Vowels are ordered as follows:
: zero, ''e'', ''ē'', ''o'', ''ō'', ''a'', ''ā''

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-17T12:26:21Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-16T12:20:22Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-16T09:30:36Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-16T07:34:12Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-16T07:13:56Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages

2020-11-15T13:03:06Z

Le040993: Created page with "== Unnamed language == === Phonology === ==== Consonants ==== {| class="wikitable" ! ! Bilabial ! Labiodental ! Dental ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar |- ! Nasal |align=center..."

== Unnamed language ==

=== Phonology ===

==== Consonants ====

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|ɲ
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f
|align=center|θ ð
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Sib. Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ɕ ʑ
|align=center|
|-
! Sib. Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡ɕ (d͡ʑ)
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|w
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|ʎ
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Root structure ===

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-27T09:50:07Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}
Note that the ''-jus'' and nominative ''-jur'' forms use the stressed stem instead of the plain stem.

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur (meilur-)
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur (pejur-)
| pieimu
|-
| muutu
| many
| muutu
| plyr (plir-)
| plyrmu
|-
| parvu, poku
| few
| menyt
| minur (menur-)
| mimmu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future I
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Future II
| amery
| ameroiti
| amerœt
| amerœmus
| ameroites
| amerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| am
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amos
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amori
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future I
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Future II
| -ery
| -eroiti
| -erœt
| -erœmus
| -eroites
| -erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future I
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Future II
| tendry
| tendroiti
| tendrœt
| tendrœmus
| tendroites
| tendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœs
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœri
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future II
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future I
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Future II
| čery
| čeroiti
| čerœt
| čerœmus
| čeroites
| čerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česus
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česuri
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Future II
| 2-ry
| 2-roiti
| 2-rœt
| 2-rœmus
| 2-roites
| 2-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future I
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Future II
| vendry
| vendroiti
| vendrœt
| vendrœmus
| vendroites
| vendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venus
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venuri
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -os
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ori
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œs
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œri
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -us
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -uri
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| es
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future I
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Future II
| ery
| eroiti
| erœt
| erœmus
| eroites
| erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| eraja
| erajas
| erajat
| erajamus
| erajades
| erajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| je
|
|
| eid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future I
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Future II
| firy
| firoiti
| firœt
| firœmus
| firoites
| firœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future I
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Future II
| avry
| avroiti
| avrœt
| avrœmus
| avroites
| avrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœs
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœri
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future I
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Future II
| iry
| iroiti
| irœt
| irœmus
| iroites
| irœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| al
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alos
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alori
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future I
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Future II
| pudry
| pudroiti
| pudrœt
| pudrœmus
| pudroites
| pudrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœs
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœri
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future I
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Future II
| vully
| vulloiti
| vullœt
| vullœmus
| vulloites
| vullœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœs
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœri
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future I
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Future II
| fatry
| fatroiti
| fatrœt
| fatrœmus
| fatroites
| fatrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečus
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečuri
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| faid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-27T09:49:04Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}
Note that the endingless forms (''-jur'', ''-jus'') use the stressed stem instead of the plain stem.

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur (meilur-)
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur (pejur-)
| pieimu
|-
| muutu
| many
| muutu
| plyr (plir-)
| plyrmu
|-
| parvu, poku
| few
| menyt
| minur (menur-)
| mimmu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future I
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Future II
| amery
| ameroiti
| amerœt
| amerœmus
| ameroites
| amerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| am
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amos
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amori
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future I
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Future II
| -ery
| -eroiti
| -erœt
| -erœmus
| -eroites
| -erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future I
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Future II
| tendry
| tendroiti
| tendrœt
| tendrœmus
| tendroites
| tendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœs
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœri
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future II
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future I
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Future II
| čery
| čeroiti
| čerœt
| čerœmus
| čeroites
| čerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česus
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česuri
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Future II
| 2-ry
| 2-roiti
| 2-rœt
| 2-rœmus
| 2-roites
| 2-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future I
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Future II
| vendry
| vendroiti
| vendrœt
| vendrœmus
| vendroites
| vendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venus
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venuri
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -os
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ori
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œs
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œri
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -us
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -uri
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| es
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future I
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Future II
| ery
| eroiti
| erœt
| erœmus
| eroites
| erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| eraja
| erajas
| erajat
| erajamus
| erajades
| erajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| je
|
|
| eid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future I
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Future II
| firy
| firoiti
| firœt
| firœmus
| firoites
| firœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future I
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Future II
| avry
| avroiti
| avrœt
| avrœmus
| avroites
| avrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœs
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœri
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future I
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Future II
| iry
| iroiti
| irœt
| irœmus
| iroites
| irœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| al
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alos
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alori
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future I
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Future II
| pudry
| pudroiti
| pudrœt
| pudrœmus
| pudroites
| pudrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœs
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœri
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future I
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Future II
| vully
| vulloiti
| vullœt
| vullœmus
| vulloites
| vullœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœs
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœri
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future I
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Future II
| fatry
| fatroiti
| fatrœt
| fatrœmus
| fatroites
| fatrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečus
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečuri
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| faid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-26T13:06:59Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future I
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Future II
| amery
| ameroiti
| amerœt
| amerœmus
| ameroites
| amerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| am
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amos
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amori
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future I
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Future II
| -ery
| -eroiti
| -erœt
| -erœmus
| -eroites
| -erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future I
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Future II
| tendry
| tendroiti
| tendrœt
| tendrœmus
| tendroites
| tendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœs
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœri
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future II
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future I
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Future II
| čery
| čeroiti
| čerœt
| čerœmus
| čeroites
| čerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česus
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česuri
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Future II
| 2-ry
| 2-roiti
| 2-rœt
| 2-rœmus
| 2-roites
| 2-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future I
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Future II
| vendry
| vendroiti
| vendrœt
| vendrœmus
| vendroites
| vendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venus
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venuri
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -os
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ori
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œs
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œri
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -us
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -uri
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| es
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future I
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Future II
| ery
| eroiti
| erœt
| erœmus
| eroites
| erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| eraja
| erajas
| erajat
| erajamus
| erajades
| erajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| je
|
|
| eid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future I
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Future II
| firy
| firoiti
| firœt
| firœmus
| firoites
| firœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future I
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Future II
| avry
| avroiti
| avrœt
| avrœmus
| avroites
| avrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœs
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœri
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future I
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Future II
| iry
| iroiti
| irœt
| irœmus
| iroites
| irœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| al
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alos
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alori
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future I
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Future II
| pudry
| pudroiti
| pudrœt
| pudrœmus
| pudroites
| pudrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœs
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœri
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future I
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Future II
| vully
| vulloiti
| vullœt
| vullœmus
| vulloites
| vullœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœs
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœri
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future I
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Future II
| fatry
| fatroiti
| fatrœt
| fatrœmus
| fatroites
| fatrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečus
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečuri
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| faid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-26T13:06:15Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future I
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Future II
| amery
| ameroiti
| amerœt
| amerœmus
| ameroites
| amerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| am
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amos
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amori
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future I
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Future II
| -ery
| -eroiti
| -erœt
| -erœmus
| -eroites
| -erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future I
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Future II
| tendry
| tendroiti
| tendrœt
| tendrœmus
| tendroites
| tendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœs
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœri
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future II
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future I
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Future II
| čery
| čeroiti
| čerœt
| čerœmus
| čeroites
| čerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česus
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česuri
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Future II
| 2-ry
| 2-roiti
| 2-rœt
| 2-rœmus
| 2-roites
| 2-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future I
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Future II
| vendry
| vendroiti
| vendrœt
| vendrœmus
| vendroites
| vendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venus
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venuri
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -os
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ori
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œs
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œri
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -us
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -uri
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future I
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Future II
| ery
| eroiti
| erœt
| erœmus
| eroites
| erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| eraja
| erajas
| erajat
| erajamus
| erajades
| erajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| je
|
|
| eid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future I
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Future II
| firy
| firoiti
| firœt
| firœmus
| firoites
| firœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future I
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Future II
| avry
| avroiti
| avrœt
| avrœmus
| avroites
| avrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœs
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœri
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future I
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Future II
| iry
| iroiti
| irœt
| irœmus
| iroites
| irœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| al
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alos
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alori
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future I
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Future II
| pudry
| pudroiti
| pudrœt
| pudrœmus
| pudroites
| pudrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœs
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœri
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future I
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Future II
| vully
| vulloiti
| vullœt
| vullœmus
| vulloites
| vullœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœs
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœri
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future I
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Future II
| fatry
| fatroiti
| fatrœt
| fatrœmus
| fatroites
| fatrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečus
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečuri
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| faid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-26T12:30:27Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future I
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Future II
| amery
| ameroiti
| amerœt
| amerœmus
| ameroites
| amerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| am
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amos
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amori
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future I
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Future II
| -ery
| -eroiti
| -erœt
| -erœmus
| -eroites
| -erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future I
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Future II
| tendry
| tendroiti
| tendrœt
| tendrœmus
| tendroites
| tendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœs
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœri
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future II
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future I
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Future II
| čery
| čeroiti
| čerœt
| čerœmus
| čeroites
| čerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česus
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česuri
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Future II
| 2-ry
| 2-roiti
| 2-rœt
| 2-rœmus
| 2-roites
| 2-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future I
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Future II
| vendry
| vendroiti
| vendrœt
| vendrœmus
| vendroites
| vendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venus
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venuri
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -os
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ori
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œs
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œri
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -us
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -uri
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future I
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Future II
| ery
| eroiti
| erœt
| erœmus
| eroites
| erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| eraja
| erajas
| erajat
| erajamus
| erajades
| erajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future I
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Future II
| firy
| firoiti
| firœt
| firœmus
| firoites
| firœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœs
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœri
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future I
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Future II
| avry
| avroiti
| avrœt
| avrœmus
| avroites
| avrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœs
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœri
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future I
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Future II
| iry
| iroiti
| irœt
| irœmus
| iroites
| irœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| al
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alos
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alori
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future I
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Future II
| pudry
| pudroiti
| pudrœt
| pudrœmus
| pudroites
| pudrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœs
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœri
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future I
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Future II
| vully
| vulloiti
| vullœt
| vullœmus
| vulloites
| vullœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœs
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœri
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future I
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Future II
| fatry
| fatroiti
| fatrœt
| fatrœmus
| fatroites
| fatrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečus
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečuri
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-24T12:38:21Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future I
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Future II
| amery
| ameroiti
| amerœt
| amerœmus
| ameroites
| amerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ame
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amose
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amore
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future I
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Future II
| -ery
| -eroiti
| -erœt
| -erœmus
| -eroites
| -erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -e
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future I
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Future II
| tendry
| tendroiti
| tendrœt
| tendrœmus
| tendroites
| tendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœse
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœre
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future II
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future I
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Future II
| čery
| čeroiti
| čerœt
| čerœmus
| čeroites
| čerœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česuse
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česure
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Future II
| 2-ry
| 2-roiti
| 2-rœt
| 2-rœmus
| 2-roites
| 2-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future I
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Future II
| vendry
| vendroiti
| vendrœt
| vendrœmus
| vendroites
| vendrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venuse
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venure
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future I
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Future II
| 1-ry
| 1-roiti
| 1-rœt
| 1-rœmus
| 1-roites
| 1-rœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -ose
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ore
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œse
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œre
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -use
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -ure
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future I
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Future II
| ery
| eroiti
| erœt
| erœmus
| eroites
| erœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| eraja
| erajas
| erajat
| erajamus
| erajades
| erajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future I
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Future II
| firy
| firoiti
| firœt
| firœmus
| firoites
| firœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future I
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Future II
| avry
| avroiti
| avrœt
| avrœmus
| avroites
| avrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœse
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœre
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future I
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Future II
| iry
| iroiti
| irœt
| irœmus
| iroites
| irœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ale
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alose
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alore
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future I
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Future II
| pudry
| pudroiti
| pudrœt
| pudrœmus
| pudroites
| pudrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœse
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœre
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future I
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Future II
| vully
| vulloiti
| vullœt
| vullœmus
| vulloites
| vullœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœse
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœre
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future I
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Future II
| fatry
| fatroiti
| fatrœt
| fatrœmus
| fatroites
| fatrœrunt
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečuse
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečure
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-24T12:29:53Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ame
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amose
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amore
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -e
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœse
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœre
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česuse
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česure
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venuse
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venure
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -ose
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ore
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œse
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œre
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -use
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -ure
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Conditional
| eraja
| erajas
| erajat
| erajamus
| erajades
| erajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœse
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœre
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ale
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alose
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alore
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœse
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœre
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœse
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœre
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečuse
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečure
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-24T10:54:32Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ame
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amose
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amore
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -e
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœse
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœre
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česuse
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česure
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venuse
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venure
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -ose
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ore
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œse
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œre
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -use
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -ure
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Conditional
| jeraja
| jerajas
| jerajat
| jerajamus
| jerajades
| jerajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœse
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœre
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vont
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ale
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alose
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alore
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœse
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœre
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœse
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœre
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečuse
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečure
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-23T11:07:38Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ame
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amose
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amore
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -e
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœse
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœre
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česuse
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česure
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venuse
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venure
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -ose
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ore
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œse
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œre
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -use
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -ure
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''esr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Conditional
| jeraja
| jerajas
| jerajat
| jerajamus
| jerajades
| jerajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|esr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœse
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœre
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vaunt
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ale
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alose
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alore
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœse
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœre
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœse
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœre
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečuse
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečure
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-22T01:38:59Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arribomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern partid ent?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita le siebi eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Il ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi deis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|-
! 76
| Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
| Enter le trige la pavavra ruvra auta krevurunt.
|-
! 77
| The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
| Lai raičei fortei lur kerkur deis suolis deitakad fœt.
|-
! 78
| The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
| Il sul atravers lur ramur lus ifantes ki žukant abas viiot.
|-
! 79
| The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
| Il ventu punis atravers miis fačis komo ina kareca žentil suflot.
|-
! 80
| The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
| La bobina filis atravers lis suolis rodlot.
|-
! 81
| A box of growing plants stood in the window.
| Ina kasa lis plantis ke krešunt ende feneitre eitediot.
|-
! 82
| I am very happy.
| Muut felič au.
|-
! 83
| These oranges are very juicy.
| Eitai arančai muut sygusas ent.
|-
! 84
| Sea water is salty.
| Agua maris salada ait.
|-
! 85
| The streets are full of people.
| Lai viai plinai persunur sunt.
|-
! 86
| Sugar tastes sweet.
| Zykr in guit duuč ait.
|-
! 87
| The fire feels hot.
| Il fuogu kalur ait.
|-
! 88
| The little girl seemed lonely.
| La fita petinna sole parœt.
|-
! 89
| The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
| Il pader lis ninnis petinnis ynavič inu marinairu eit avœt.
|-
! 90
| I have lost my blanket.
| Mia kuberta perd au.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-22T01:33:02Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arriberomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern parturunt?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita le siebi eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Il ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi deis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|-
! 76
| Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
| Enter le trige la pavavra ruvra auta krevurunt.
|-
! 77
| The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
| Lai raičei fortei lur kerkur deis suolis deitakad fœt.
|-
! 78
| The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
| Il sul atravers lur ramur lus ifantes ki žukant abas viiot.
|-
! 79
| The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
| Il ventu punis atravers miis fačis komo ina kareca žentil suflot.
|-
! 80
| The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
| La bobina filis atravers lis suolis rodlot.
|-
! 81
| A box of growing plants stood in the window.
| Ina kasa lis plantis ke krešunt ende feneitre eitediot.
|-
! 82
| I am very happy.
| Muut felič au.
|-
! 83
| These oranges are very juicy.
| Eitai arančai muut sygusas ent.
|-
! 84
| Sea water is salty.
| Agua maris salada ait.
|-
! 85
| The streets are full of people.
| Lai viai plinai persunur sunt.
|-
! 86
| Sugar tastes sweet.
| Zykr in guit duuč ait.
|-
! 87
| The fire feels hot.
| Il fuogu kalur ait.
|-
! 88
| The little girl seemed lonely.
| La fita petinna sole parœt.
|-
! 89
| The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
| Il pader lis ninnis petinnis ynavič inu marinairu eit avœt.
|-
! 90
| I have lost my blanket.
| Mia kuberta perd au.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-12T13:15:46Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ame
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amose
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amore
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -e
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœse
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœre
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česuse
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česure
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venuse
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venure
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -ose
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ore
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œse
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œre
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -use
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -ure
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''eitr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Conditional
| jeraja
| jerajas
| jerajat
| jerajamus
| jerajades
| jerajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|eitr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœse
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœre
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vaunt
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ale
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alose
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alore
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœse
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœre
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœse
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœre
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečuse
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečure
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič, qader
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-12T12:32:59Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ame
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amose
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amore
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -e
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœse
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœre
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česuse
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česure
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venuse
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venure
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -ose
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ore
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œse
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œre
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -use
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -ure
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''eitr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Conditional
| jeraja
| jerajas
| jerajat
| jerajamus
| jerajades
| jerajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|eitr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœse
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœre
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vaunt
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ale
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alose
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alore
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœse
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœre
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœse
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœre
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives). Its full conjugation is shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| nuila
| nuilas
| nuilat
| nuilamus
| nuilades
| nuilant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| nuli
|
|
| nulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|nulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|nulend
|}

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečuse
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečure
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-12T07:19:40Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arriberomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern parturunt?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita le siebi eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Li ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi deis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|-
! 76
| Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
| Enter le trige la pavavra ruvra auta krevurunt.
|-
! 77
| The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
| Lai raičei fortei lur kerkur deis suolis deitakad fœt.
|-
! 78
| The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
| Il sul atravers lur ramur lus ifantes ki žukant abas viiot.
|-
! 79
| The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
| Il ventu punis atravers miis fačis komo ina kareca žentil suflot.
|-
! 80
| The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
| La bobina filis atravers lis suolis rodlot.
|-
! 81
| A box of growing plants stood in the window.
| Ina kasa lis plantis ke krešunt ende feneitre eitediot.
|-
! 82
| I am very happy.
| Muut felič au.
|-
! 83
| These oranges are very juicy.
| Eitai arančai muut sygusas ent.
|-
! 84
| Sea water is salty.
| Agua maris salada ait.
|-
! 85
| The streets are full of people.
| Lai viai plinai persunur sunt.
|-
! 86
| Sugar tastes sweet.
| Zykr in guit duuč ait.
|-
! 87
| The fire feels hot.
| Il fuogu kalur ait.
|-
! 88
| The little girl seemed lonely.
| La fita petinna sole parœt.
|-
! 89
| The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
| Il pader lis ninnis petinnis ynavič inu marinairu eit avœt.
|-
! 90
| I have lost my blanket.
| Mia kuberta perd au.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-12T07:15:17Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arriberomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern parturunt?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita le siebi eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Li ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi deis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|-
! 76
| Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
| Enter le trige la pavavra ruvra auta krevurunt.
|-
! 77
| The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
| Lai raičei fortei lur kerkur deis suolis deitakad fœt.
|-
! 78
| The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
| Il sul atravers lur ramur lus ifantes ki žukant abas viiot.
|-
! 79
| The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
| Il ventu punis atravers miis fačis komo ina kareca žentil suflot.
|-
! 80
| The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
| La bobina filis atravers lis suolis rodlot.
|-
! 81
| A box of growing plants stood in the window.
| Ina kasa lis plantis ke krešunt ende feneitre eitediot.
|-
! 82
| I am very happy.
| Muut felič au.
|-
! 83
| These oranges are very juicy.
| Eitai arančai muut sygusas ent.
|-
! 84
| Sea water is salty.
| Agua maris salada ait.
|-
! 85
| The streets are full of people.
| Lai viai plinai persunur sunt.
|-
! 86
| Sugar tastes sweet.
| Zykr in guit duuč ait.
|-
! 87
| The fire feels hot.
| Il fuogu kalur ait.
|-
! 88
| The little girl seemed lonely.
| La fita petinna sole parœt.
|-
! 89
| The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
| Il pader lis ninnis petinnis ynavič inu marinairu eit avœt.
|-
! 90
| I have lost my blanket.
| Mia kuverta perd au.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-12T07:14:43Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arriberomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern parturunt?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita le siebi eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Li ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi deis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|-
! 76
| Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
| Enter le trige la pavavra ruvra auta krevurunt.
|-
! 77
| The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
| Lai raičei fortei lur kerkur deis suolis deitakad fœt.
|-
! 78
| The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
| Il sul atravers lur ramur lus ifantes ki žukant abas viiot.
|-
! 79
| The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
| Il ventu punis atravers miis fačis komo ina kareca žentil suflot.
|-
! 80
| The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
| La bobina filis atravers lis suolis rodlot.
|-
! 81
| A box of growing plants stood in the window.
| Ina kasa lis plantis ke krešunt ende feneitre eitediot.
|-
! 82
| I am very happy.
| Muut felič au.
|-
! 83
| These oranges are very juicy.
| Eitai arančai muut sygusas ent.
|-
! 84
| Sea water is salty.
| Agua maris salada ait.
|-
! 85
| The streets are full of people.
| Lai viai plinai persunur sunt.
|-
! 86
| Sugar tastes sweet.
| Zykr in guit duuč ait.
|-
! 87
| The fire feels hot.
| Il fuogu kalur ait.
|-
! 88
| The little girl seemed lonely.
| La fita petinna sole parœt.
|-
! 89
| The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
| Il pader lis ninnis petinnis ynavič inu marinairu eit avœt.
|-
! 90
| I have lost my blanket.
| Mia kuverta perd avy.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-12T02:31:28Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arriberomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern parturunt?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita le siebi eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Li ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi deis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|-
! 76
| Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
| Enter le trige la pavavra ruvra auta krevurunt.
|-
! 77
| The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
| Lai raičei fortei lur kerkur deis suolis deitakad fœt.
|-
! 78
| The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
| Il sul atravers lur ramur lus ifantes ki žukant abas viiot.
|-
! 79
| The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
| Il ventu punis atravers miis fačis komo ina kareca žentil suflot.
|-
! 80
| The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
| La bobina filis atravers lis suolis rodlot.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-11T13:18:47Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arriberomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern parturunt?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita le siebi eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Li ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi dellis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-11T12:12:04Z

Le040993:

These sentences were taken from [https://web.archive.org/web/20130603121930/http://fiziwig.com:80/conlang/syntax_tests.html].

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| The sun shines.
| Il sul lyčet.
|-
! 2
| The sun is shining.
| Il sul lyčet. Il sul lyčent eitat. (''emphatic'')
|-
! 3
| The sun shone.
| Il sul lyisiot.
|-
! 4
| The sun will shine.
| Il sul lytrait.
|-
! 5
| The sun has been shining.
| Il sul lyčivat. Il sul lyis ait.
|-
! 6
| The sun is shining again.
| Il sul de nuovu lyčet.
|-
! 7
| The sun will shine tomorrow.
| Il sul deman lytrait.
|-
! 8
| The sun shines brightly.
| Il sul brellantement lyčet.
|-
! 9
| The bright sun shines.
| Il sul brillas lyčet.
|-
! 10
| The sun is rising now.
| Il sul ža suiret.
|-
! 11
| All the people shouted.
| Tutu il mundu kridot.
|-
! 12
| Some of the people shouted.
| Alkynai persunai kridorunt.
|-
! 13
| Many of the people shouted twice.
| Mutai persunai duavič kridorunt.
|-
! 14
| Happy people often shout.
| Persunai feličei freqentement kridant.
|-
! 15
| The kitten jumped up.
| Il katetu sautot.
|-
! 16
| The kitten jumped onto the table.
| Il katetu suvr-alla misa sautot.
|-
! 17
| My little kitten walked away.
| Miu katetu petinnu fuoras amblot.
|-
! 18
| It's raining.
| Pluvet.
|-
! 19
| The rain came down.
| La pluja čeiot.
|-
! 20
| The kitten is playing in the rain.
| Il katetu ende pluje žukat.
|-
! 21
| The rain has stopped.
| La pluja parad-se ait.
|-
! 22
| Soon the rain will stop.
| A briev la pluja parerait-se.
|-
! 23
| I hope the rain stops soon.
| Eiperu ke la pluja a briev paret-se.
|-
! 24
| Once wild animals lived here.
| Unu tempr ammala sauvaga ii visurunt.
|-
! 25
| Slowly she looked around.
| Lentament ella lu ambies viiot.
|-
! 26
| Go away!
| Parti!
|-
! 27
| Let's go!
| Alimus!
|-
! 28
| You should go.
| Alar devrajas.
|-
! 29
| I will be happy to go.
| Alar filis jeru.
|-
! 30
| He will arrive soon.
| Ell a briev arriberait.
|-
! 31
| The baby's ball has rolled away.
| La balla lis bebis fuoras rodlad ait.
|-
! 32
| The two boys are working together.
| Li du ninni isim lavrant.
|-
! 33
| This mist will probably clear away.
| Eita nebla probablement klarerait.
|-
! 34
| Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
| Lai flurei bellai pertut krešunt.
|-
! 35
| We should eat more slowly.
| Lencus mangar devrajamus.
|-
! 36
| You have come too soon.
| Mes briev vent ais.
|-
! 37
| You must write more neatly.
| Urnajus eikrivr dives.
|-
! 38
| Directly opposite stands a wonderful place.
| Upuoste direte inu luogu miravle eitat.
|-
! 39
| Henry's dog is lost.
| Il kane Hembrigis perd eit.
|-
! 40
| My cat is black.
| Miu katu niru eit.
|-
! 41
| The little girl's doll is broken.
| La pupa lis fitis petinnis rut eit.
|-
! 42
| I usually sleep soundly.
| Žendralement kumu ine bebi dormiu.
|-
! 43
| The children ran after Jack.
| Li ifantei tras Žaqis kurrurunt.
|-
! 44
| I can play after school.
| Puit eikuola žukar puosu.
|-
! 45
| We went to the village for a visit.
| Alla villa per ina vizita venumus.
|-
! 46
| We arrived at the river.
| Al flym arriberomus.
|-
! 47
| I have been waiting for you.
| Per ti aipitad au.
|-
! 48
| The campers sat around the fire.
| Li kampairi autorn lis fuogis seurunt.
|-
! 49
| A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
| Ina fita kon in katet žuita mevi seiot.
|-
! 50
| The child waited at the door for her father.
| La ifas ende porte per su padr aipitot.
|-
! 51
| Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
| Jeri la fita veiliima ende ville su katet perdiot.
|-
! 52
| Were you born in this village?
| Isku en eite ville nakuiti?
|-
! 53
| Can your brother dance well?
| Isku tuu frader bien dancar puodet?
|-
! 54
| Did the man leave?
| Isku il womu partet?
|-
! 55
| Is your sister coming for you?
| Isku tua suorur per ti vienet?
|-
! 56
| Can you come tomorrow?
| Isku deman venir puodes?
|-
! 57
| Have the neighbours gone away for the winter?
| Isku li vičini per lu ivern parturunt?
|-
! 58
| Does the robin sing in the rain?
| Isku il pitruvru ende pluje kantat?
|-
! 59
| Are you going with us to the concert?
| Isku nuik al končert vais?
|-
! 60
| Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
| Isku ende žungle mais viagad ais?
|-
! 61
| We sailed down the river for several miles.
| Abas lis flyvnis enter muuta miila naugamus.
|-
! 62
| Everybody knows about hunting.
| Tutu il mundu de kacacun sabet.
|-
! 63
| On a sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
| En ine mandine sulijade puit sulstic al mont kuvnicomus.
|-
! 64
| Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
| Tomas allus tryikus lis simiis riziot.
|-
! 65
| An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
| Inu womu veilu kun in baitun per amblacun žuita sieb eitediot.
|-
! 66
| The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
| Il nidu lis eikyiris por lus ramus pendentes aikond jerat.
|-
! 67
| The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
| La sivna petinna sutu le nivi per lu sul kaud lis primaviris pacentement aipitorunt.
|-
! 68
| Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
| Muutai fitai petinnai kun kurunas lur flurur suber suif kavdif autorn le fogaire dancorunt.
|-
! 69
| The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
| Lu kubeil lis čistis al suol čeiot.
|-
! 70
| The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
| Li ninnu primu ende file ende entrade parot-se.
|-
! 71
| On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
| Ende čime lis kullinis en ine kabanne ina fivna veila sabia vivivat.
|-
! 72
| During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
| Dyrant noitris rezidendis ende kampe freqentement endif paityrif amblevamus.
|-
! 73
| When will your guests from the city arrive?
| Qandu voitri uitadi dellis čiudadis arriberent?
|-
! 74
| Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the east.
| Žuita le foči lis flyvnis, kursu al levant agydament žirat.
|-
! 75
| Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
| Enter lif duf montif autif ina valle feile eitavat.
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-11T07:47:44Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-11T07:46:08Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Swadesh list

2020-10-11T07:04:30Z

Le040993:

{| class="wikitable"
! 1
| I
| jœ
|-
! 2
| thou
| ty
|-
! 3
| he
| ell
|-
! 4
| we
| nu
|-
! 5
| you
| vu
|-
! 6
| they
| elli
|-
! 7
| this
| eit
|-
! 8
| that
| es, akell
|-
! 9
| here
| ii, čii
|-
! 10
| there
| ellai, evi
|-
! 11
| who
| kes, ke
|-
! 12
| what
| ki, kuo
|-
! 13
| where
| uvi
|-
! 14
| when
| qandu
|-
! 15
| how
| kumu
|-
! 16
| not
| nun, -nu
|-
! 17
| all
| tutu
|-
! 18
| many
| muutu
|-
! 19
| some
| alkynu
|-
! 20
| few
| poku
|-
! 21
| other
| autru
|-
! 22
| one
| ynu
|-
! 23
| two
| du
|-
! 24
| three
| tris
|-
! 25
| four
| qatro
|-
! 26
| five
| činki
|-
! 27
| big
| grande
|-
! 28
| long
| lungu
|-
! 29
| wide
| largu
|-
! 30
| thick
| gruosu
|-
! 31
| heavy
| pezadu, greve
|-
! 32
| small
| petinnu
|-
! 33
| short
| kurtu
|-
! 34
| narrow
| estritu
|-
! 35
| thin
| magru
|-
! 36
| woman
| fivna ''f''
|-
! 37
| man (male)
| womu ''m'' (wovn-)
|-
! 38
| man (human)
| imanu ''m''
|-
! 39
| child
| ifas ''m'' or ''f'' (ifant-)
|-
! 40
| wife
| muiler ''f'' (muilier-)
|-
! 41
| husband
| maridu ''m''
|-
! 42
| mother
| mader ''f'' (madr-)
|-
! 43
| father
| pader ''m'' (padr-)
|-
! 44
| animal
| ammal ''n'' (ammal-)
|-
! 45
| fish
| peše ''m'' (peš-)
|-
! 46
| bird
| očellu ''m''
|-
! 47
| dog
| kane ''m'' or ''f'' (kan-)
|-
! 48
| louse
| peilu ''m''
|-
! 49
| snake
| serpes ''m'' or ''f'' (serpent-)
|-
! 50
| worm
| verm ''m'' (verm-)
|-
! 51
| tree
| arbur ''f'' (arbr-)
|-
! 52
| forest
| foreita ''f'', selva ''f'' (''rare'')
|-
! 53
| stick
| baitu ''m'' (baitun-)
|-
! 54
| fruit
| frytu ''m''
|-
! 55
| seed
| sim ''n'' (sivn-)
|-
! 56
| leaf
| foilu ''n''
|-
! 57
| root
| rais ''f'' (raič-)
|-
! 58
| bark
| kortes ''m'' (korč-), eikorca ''f''
|-
! 59
| flower
| flus ''f'' (flur-)
|-
! 60
| grass
| erba ''f''
|-
! 61
| rope
| korda ''f''
|-
! 62
| skin
| pelle ''f'' (pell-)
|-
! 63
| meat
| karu ''f'' (karn-)
|-
! 54
| blood
| sange ''m'' (sang-)
|-
! 65
| bone
| wos ''n'' (wos-)
|-
! 66
| fat
| grasu ''m''
|-
! 67
| egg
| uv ''n''
|-
! 68
| horn
| korn ''n''
|-
! 69
| tail
| koa ''f''
|-
! 70
| feather
| plyma ''f''
|-
! 71
| hair
| kapellu ''m'', pilu ''m'' (''rare'')
|-
! 72
| head
| kabu ''n'' (kavd-)
|-
! 73
| ear
| oriila ''f''
|-
! 74
| eye
| oilu ''m''
|-
! 75
| nose
| nazu ''m''
|-
! 76
| mouth
| us ''n'' (ur-)
|-
! 77
| tooth
| dis ''m'' (dent-)
|-
! 78
| tongue
| lengua ''f''
|-
! 79
| fingernail
| ongla ''f''
|-
! 80
| foot
| pis ''m'' (pie-)
|-
! 81
| leg
| gamba ''f''
|-
! 82
| knee
| ženeil ''n''
|-
! 83
| hand
| manu ''f''
|-
! 84
| wing
| ala ''f''
|-
! 85
| belly
| venter ''m'' (ventr-)
|-
! 86
| guts
| tripai ''f'' ''pl''
|-
! 87
| neck
| koll ''n'', nuka ''f'' (''nape'')
|-
! 88
| back
| dors ''n''
|-
! 89
| breast
| peitu ''m''
|-
! 90
| heart
| kuor ''n'' (kord-)
|-
! 91
| liver
| figad ''n''
|-
! 92
| to drink
| bivr (3, bevivat, beviot, bivdu)
|-
! 93
| to eat
| mangar (1)
|-
! 94
| to bite
| murdir (2, mordet, moriu, muriamus, murdiot, morsu)
|-
! 95
| to suck
| syr (3, syivat, sysiot, sytu)
|-
! 96
| to spit
| spytar (1)
|-
! 97
| to vomit
| vuomr (3, vumivat, vumœt, vuondu)
|-
! 98
| to blow
| suflar (1)
|-
! 99
| to breathe
| reipirar (1)
|-
! 100
| to laugh
| riir (2, riet, riju, rijamus, riziot, rizu)
|-
! 101
| to see
| veir (2, viet, viju, vejamus, viiot, vizu)
|-
! 102
| to hear
| oir (4, oet, oju, oivat, oiot, oidu)
|-
! 103
| to know
| sabir (2, sabet, sabiu, sabiamus, sabiot, sabidu)
|-
! 104
| to think
| kuitar (1)
|-
! 105
| to smell
| sentir (4, sentet, sencu, sencivat, sisiot, sisu)
|-
! 106
| to fear
| temir (2, timet, timiu, temiamus, temœt, temidu)
|-
! 107
| to sleep
| durmir (4, dormet, dormiu, durmiivat, durmiot, durmidu)
|-
! 108
| to live
| vivr (3, vivivat, visiot, vitu)
|-
! 109
| to die
| murir (4, muoret, muoiru, muirivat, muriot, mortu)
|-
! 110
| to kill
| učir (4, wočet, wočiu, učiivat, učiot, ukazu)
|-
! 111
| to fight
| lytar (1)
|-
! 112
| to hunt
| kacar (1)
|-
! 113
| to hit
| koupar (1), batir (4, batet, bacu, bacivat, batœt, batidu)
|-
! 114
| to cut
| tailar (1)
|-
! 115
| to split
| fendir (4, fendet, feinu, feinivat, feiot, fiesu)
|-
! 116
| to stab
| piinelar (1)
|-
! 117
| to scratch
| raskar (1)
|-
! 118
| to dig
| kavar (1)
|-
! 119
| to swim
| nadar (1)
|-
! 120
| to fly
| vular (1)
|-
! 121
| to walk
| amblar (1)
|-
! 122
| to come
| venir (4, vienet, vieinu, veinivat, veniot, ventu)
|-
! 123
| to lie
| žačr (3, žačivat, žečiot, žetu)
|-
! 124
| to sit
| seir (2, sieet, sieju, sejamus, seiot, siesu)
|-
! 125
| to stand
| eitar (1, eitediot)
|-
! 126
| to turn
| žirar (1)
|-
! 127
| to fall
| kair (2, kaet, kaju, kajamus, čeiot, kazu)
|-
! 128
| to give
| dar (1, deiot)
|-
! 129
| hold
| tenir (2, tienet, tieinu, teinamus, tenœt, tenidu)
|-
! 130
| to squeeze
| priemr (3, premivat, presiot, priesu)
|-
! 131
| to rub
| fregar (1)
|-
! 132
| to wash
| lavar (1)
|-
! 133
| to wipe
| esugar (1)
|-
! 134
| to pull
| tirar (1)
|-
! 135
| to push
| puusar (1)
|-
! 136
| to throw
| žetar (1), lancar (1)
|-
! 137
| to tie
| legar (1)
|-
! 138
| to sew
| kuzr (3, kuzivat, kuzœt, kuzydu)
|-
! 139
| to count
| kontar (1)
|-
! 140
| to say
| dičr (3, dičivat, disiot, ditu)
|-
! 141
| to sing
| kantar (1)
|-
! 142
| to play
| žukar (1)
|-
! 143
| to float
| flœdar (1)
|-
! 144
| to flow
| fluir (4, fluet, fluju, flujivat, flisiot, flysu)
|-
! 145
| to freeze
| želar (1)
|-
! 146
| to swell
| iflar (1)
|-
! 147
| sun
| sul ''m'' (sul-)
|-
! 148
| moon
| lyna ''f''
|-
! 149
| star
| eitella ''f''
|-
! 150
| water
| agua ''f''
|-
! 151
| rain
| pluja ''f''
|-
! 152
| river
| flym ''n'' (flyvn-)
|-
! 153
| lake
| lagu ''m''
|-
! 154
| sea
| mar ''n'' (mar-)
|-
! 155
| salt
| sal ''m'' (sal-)
|-
! 156
| stone
| piedra ''f''
|-
! 157
| sand
| sablu ''m'' (sablun-)
|-
! 158
| dust
| pulves ''m'' (pulvr-)
|-
! 159
| earth
| terra ''f''
|-
! 160
| cloud
| nyve ''f'' (nyv-)
|-
! 161
| fog
| nebla ''f''
|-
! 162
| sky
| čiel ''n''
|-
! 163
| wind
| ventu ''m''
|-
! 164
| snow
| nis ''f'' (niv-)
|-
! 165
| ice
| glača ''f''
|-
! 166
| smoke
| fymu ''m''
|-
! 167
| fire
| fuogu ''m''
|-
! 168
| ash
| čines ''m'' or ''f'' (čindr-)
|-
! 169
| to burn
| ardr (3, ardivat, arsiot, arsu)
|-
! 170
| road
| eitrada ''f'', via ''f''
|-
! 171
| mountain
| mus ''m'' (mont-)
|-
! 172
| red
| ruvru
|-
! 173
| green
| virde
|-
! 174
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
! 175
| white
| blanku
|-
! 176
| black
| niru
|-
! 177
| night
| nus ''f'' (nœt-)
|-
! 178
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
! 179
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
! 180
| warm
| kaudu
|-
! 181
| cold
| friju
|-
! 182
| full
| plinu
|-
! 183
| new
| nuovu
|-
! 184
| old
| veilu
|-
! 185
| good
| buonu
|-
! 186
| bad
| malu
|-
! 187
| rotten
| puidru
|-
! 188
| dirty
| syču
|-
! 189
| straight
| ritu
|-
! 190
| round
| rodundu
|-
! 191
| sharp
| aifladu
|-
! 192
| dull
| mucu
|-
! 193
| smooth
| lišu
|-
! 194
| wet
| moiladu
|-
! 195
| dry
| siku
|-
! 196
| correct
| corritu
|-
! 197
| near
| prup, prubu
|-
! 198
| far
| lontanu
|-
! 199
| right
| deritu, deitru
|-
! 200
| left
| seniitru
|-
! 201
| at
| en, a
|-
! 202
| in
| en
|-
! 203
| with
| kon
|-
! 204
| and
| ed
|-
! 205
| if
| si
|-
! 206
| because
| perke
|-
! 207
| name
| num ''n'' (nuvn-)
|}

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-10T12:04:33Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-10T11:58:47Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-10T11:55:31Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-10T11:54:31Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-10T11:52:18Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-10T11:07:24Z

Le040993:

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad

2020-10-10T10:59:13Z

Le040993:

This page contains a language under construction.

== Sound changes ==

The sound changes common to all Romance languages are the following:
* Unconditional loss of /h/
* Loss of /n/ before a voiceless fricative (with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel)
* Loss of unstressed word-final /m/ (this may have caused compensatory lengthening)

The outcome of vowels is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Latin
! Vulgar Latin
! Proto-West Romance
|-
| /a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|rowspan=2|*/a/
|-
| /aː/
|-
| /au̯/
| */au̯/
| */au̯/
|-
| /ai̯/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|*/ɛ/
|-
| /e/
|-
| /eː/
|rowspan=2|*/e/
|rowspan=3|*/e/
|-
| /oi̯/
|-
| /i/
| */ɪ/
|-
| /iː/
| */i/
| */i/
|-
| /o/
| */ɔ/
| */ɔ/
|-
| /oː/
| */o/
|rowspan=2|*/o/
|-
| /u/
| */ʊ/
|-
| /uː/
| */u/
| */u/
|}

The differences between */ɛ/ and */e/, and */ɔ/ and */o/, are neutralised in unstressed syllables. The Classical Latin diphthong /eu̯/ did not survive in Vulgar Latin.

Stressed vowels in open syllables and final syllables with a single consonant coda are lengthened. Unstressed vowels before hiatus become semivowels (I am not sure about */a/, though).

=== Vulgar Latin to Proto-West Romance ===

* /w/ → /β/ (does not affect labiovelars)
* /j/ → [ʝ] → [ɟ]
* /z/ → [ʑ] → [ɟ]
* Where /s/ is followed by a consonant, /e/ is inserted before the /s/.
* /k/ → [kʲ] → [c] before front vowels
* /g/ → [gʲ] → [ɟ] before front vowels
* /sk/ → [skʲ] → [çc] before front vowels
* [c, ɟ] → /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
* [çc] → /ʃt͡ʃ/ (this had different outcomes depending on the outcome of /t͡ʃ/; if the latter became /t͡s/ → /s/, then the result is /sː/, otherwise the result is /ʃː/)
* /kʷ/ → /k/ before back vowels
* /kʷ/ → [kᶣ] before front vowels (except ''*cinque'' "five" and related terms)
* /l/ → [ɫ] before a consonant
* /b, d, g/ → /β, ð, ɣ/ between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* /p, t, k/ → /b, d, g/ (also affects /kʷ/ and [kᶣ]) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Degemination of voiceless stops (reintroducing short /p, t, k/) between vowels and between a vowel and /r/
* Geminate voiced stops become a nasal + stop sequence
* /pl/ → /bl/ between vowels
* /tl/ → /kl/ between vowels
* /kl, gl/ → /ʎː/ between vowels
* /ŋn/ → /ɲː/
* /n(d)j/ → /ɲː/
* /lj/ → /ʎː/
* /rj/ → /rʲː/?
* /sj/ → /sʲː/
* /tj/ → /t͡sʲː/
* /dj/ → [d͡zʲː] → /d͡ʒ/
* [kᶣ, gᶣ] → /k, g/
* /pt, ps/ → /tː, sː/
* /k/ → /j/ before /t/ and /s/
* /d͡ʒ/ → /j/ between vowels
* /d/ is lost word-finally

Numbers in Proto-West Romance:
{| class="wikitable
! 1
| *únos, *úna, *únu
| *prímos
|-
! 2
| *dó?, *dúe? *dóu?, *dói?
| *secòndos
|-
! 3
| *trés, *tré
| *tèrzos
|-
! 4
| *quátro
| *quártos
|-
! 5
| *cínque
| *quíntos
|-
! 6
| *sèis
| *sèistos
|-
! 7
| *sète
| *sètemos
|-
! 8
| *òito
| *oitávos
|-
! 9
| *nòve
| *nónos
|-
! 10
| *dèce
| *dècemos
|-
! 11
| *úndeci
|-
! 12
| *dóðeci
|-
! 13
| *trèðeci
|-
! 14
| *quatòrdeci
|-
! 15
| *quíndeci
|-
! 16
| *séðeci
|-
! 20
| *vígenti
|-
! 30
| *trígenta
|-
! 40
| *quáðragenta
|-
! 50
| *cínquagenta
|-
! 60
| *sèisagenta
|-
! 70
| *sètagenta
|-
! 80
| *òitogenta
|-
! 90
| *nónagenta
|-
! 100
| *cèntu
|-
! 200
| *docènti
|-
! 500
| *quingènti
|-
! 1,000
| *mílle
|}
Notes on orthography:
* Grave accent represents open-mid vowels; both it and the acute represent stress.
* <c> represents /t͡ʃ/ before front vowels, /k/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <č>).
* <h> represents /ɣ/.
* <g> represents /d͡ʒ/ before front vowels, /g/ otherwise (the former is also represented by <j>).

I presume three declensional classes in Proto-West Romance; I am a bit unsure about the existence of the genitive and dative cases (here I assume they existed based on their existence in pronouns).

First declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Accusative
| *-a
| *-as
|-
! Genitive
| *-e
| *-áru
|-
! Dative
| *-e
| *-is, *-ávos
|}

Second declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-os, *-u
| *-i, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-u
| *-os, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-i
| *-óru
|-
! Dative
| *-o
| *-is, *-óvos
|}

Third declension:

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *-es, *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Accusative
| *-e
| *-es, *-a
|-
! Genitive
| *-es
| *-u, *-eru
|-
! Dative
| *-i
| *-evos
|}
The third declension may have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. ''*òmo'' "man", stem ''*òmen-'').

The pronominal declension had genitive singulars ending in ''*-(j)os'' (the ''*-(j)-'' indicates palatalisation of the stem) and dative singulars ending in ''*-i'' or ''*-wi''; the definite article ancestors ''*elle'' and ''*epse'', along with the demonstrative ''*este'', had irregular masculine nominative singular forms.

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-o
| *-as
| *-at
| *-ámos
| *-ádes
| *-ant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-áva
| *-ávas
| *-ávat
| *-avámos
| *-avádes
| *-ávant
|-
! Past
| *-ái
| *-ásti
| *-áut
| *-ámos
| *-ástes
| *-áront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-e
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-ásse
| *-ásses
| *-ásset
| *-assémos
| *-assédes
| *-ássent
|-
! Past
| *-áre
| *-áris
| *-áret
| *-arímos
| *-arídes
| *-árent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-a
|
|
| *-áde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-áre
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-ándu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-as (*-ánt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-ádos
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *-jo
| *-es
| *-et
| *-émos
| *-édes
| *-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| *-éva
| *-évas
| *-évat
| *-evámos
| *-evádes
| *-évant
|-
! Past
| *-wí
| *-wésti
| *-wét
| *-wémos
| *-wéstes
| *-wéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *-ja
| *-jas
| *-jat
| *-jámos
| *-jádes
| *-jant
|-
! Imperfect
| *-wésse
| *-wésses
| *-wésset
| *-wessémos
| *-wessédes
| *-wéssent
|-
! Past
| *-wère
| *-wèris
| *-wèret
| *-werímos
| *-werídes
| *-wèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *-e
|
|
| *-éde
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*-ére
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*-éndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*-es (*-ént-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|*-edos
|}

Copula:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| *són
| *ès
| *èst
| *sómos
| *èstes
| *sónt
|-
! Imperfect
| *èra
| *èras
| *èrat
| *erámos
| *erádes
| *èrant
|-
! Future
| *èro
| *ères
| *èret
| *èremos
| *èredes
| *èront
|-
! Past
| *fwí
| *fwésti
| *fwét
| *fwémos
| *fwéstes
| *fwéront
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| *sén
| *sís
| *sét
| *símos
| *sídes
| *sént
|-
! Imperfect
| *fwésse
| *fwésses
| *fwésset
| *fwessémos
| *fwessédes
| *fwéssent
|-
! Past
| *fwère
| *fwèris
| *fwèret
| *fwerímos
| *fwerídes
| *fwèrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| *ès
|
|
| *èste
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|*èssere
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|*essèndu
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|*èsses (*essènt-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|?
|}
The copula is the only verb I know that retains the Latin future. Evidence of its existence is found in Old French (''iert'' "one will be") and in Spanish (the form ''eres'' "you (singular) are", which replaced the expected ''*es'').

=== Post-West Romance developments ===

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Proto-West Romance
!colspan=2|Stressed
!rowspan=2|Unstressed
!rowspan=2|Word-final
|-
! Short
! Long
|-
| */a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
| /a/
|-
| */ai̯/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
| /e/
|-
| */au̯/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */ɛ/
|rowspan=2|/e/
| /je/
|rowspan=2|/e/
|rowspan=2|(zero)
|-
| */e/
| /i/
|-
| */ei̯/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /e/
|-
| */eu̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
| /o/
| /o/
|-
| */i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
| /i/
|-
| */ɔ/
| /o/
| /wo/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|rowspan=2|/u/
|-
| */o/, */ou̯/
| /u/
| /u/
|-
| */oi̯/
| /ø/
| /ø/
|rowspan=2|/i/
| /i/
|-
| */u/
| /y/
| /y/
| (zero)
|}

Non-final unstressed vowels (not including diphthongs) occurring directly after stressed syllables are unconditionally lost, while for non-initial syllables directly before a stressed syllable only /a/ (becoming /e/) and diphthongs are preserved.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Bilabial
! Labiodental
! Dental
! Postalveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Nasal
|align=center|m
|align=center|
|align=center|n
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|(ŋ)
|-
! Stop
|align=center|p b
|align=center|
|align=center|t d
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|k g
|-
! Fricative
|align=center|
|align=center|f v
|align=center|s z
|align=center|ʃ ʒ
|align=center|
|align=center|x
|-
! Affricate
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|t͡s (d͡z)
|align=center|t͡ʃ (d͡ʒ)
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Approximant
|align=center|w
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|j
|align=center|
|-
! Trill
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|r
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|-
! Lateral
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|l
|align=center|
|align=center|
|align=center|
|}

=== Vowels ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Front
! Mid
! Back
|-
! Close
|align=center|i y
|align=center|
|align=center|u
|-
! Mid
|align=center|e ø
|align=center|
|align=center|o
|-
! Open
|align=center|
|align=center|a
|align=center|
|}

== Grammar ==

=== Nouns ===

First declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -a
| -ai
|-
! Accusative
| -a
| -as
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension masculine:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Second declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
|}

Third declension common:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

Third declension neuter:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
|}

=== Pronouns ===

==== Personal pronouns ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|First person
!colspan=2|Second person
!rowspan=2|Reflexive
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| jœ jo
| nu nu
| ty ti
| vu vu
|
|-
! Accusative
| mi me
| nus nus
| ti te
| vus vus
| si se
|-
! Dative
| mevi mev
| nuvis nuf
| tevi tev
| vuvis vuf
| sevi sev
|-
! Possessive (Genitive)
| miu
| noitru
| tuu
| voitru
| suu
|-
! Instrumental
| mik
| nuik
| tik
| vuik
| sik
|}

Only the personal pronouns have special instrumental forms (which may be reinforced with the preposition ''kun'').

Third person:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ell il
| elli li
| ella la
| ellai lai
| ell lu
| ella la
|-
! Accusative
| lu
| lus
| la
| las
| lu
| la
|-
! Genitive
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
| lis
| lur
|-
! Dative
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
| ly le
| lif
|}

The reduced forms above also act as the definite article.

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====

* Proximal: ''eit''
* Medial: ''es''
* Distal: ''akell''

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| eit
| eiti
| eita
| eitai
| eit
| eita
|-
! Accusative
| eit
| eitus
| eita
| eitas
| eit
| eita
|-
! Genitive
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
| eitis
| eitur
|-
! Dative
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
| eite
| eitif
|}

==== Interrogative and relative pronouns ====

Interrogative:
{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neut.
|-
! Nominative
| kes
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| ke
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|kys
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|ky
|}

Relative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ki
| ki
| ke
| ke
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Accusative
| ke
| kos
| ka
| kas
| kuo
| ke
|-
! Genitive
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
| kys
| kur
|-
! Dative
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
| ky
| kif
|}

=== Adjectives ===

First and second declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -u
| -i
| -a
| -ai
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -us
| -a
| -as
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
| -e
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ament
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Third declension:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -(e)
| -ei
| -(e)
| -ei
| -
| -a
|-
! Accusative
| -
| -es
| -
| -es
| -
| -a
|-
! Genitive
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
| -is
| -ur
|-
! Dative
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
| -i
| -if
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-ement
|-
! Comparative
|colspan=6|-jur (-jus)
|-
! Superlative
|colspan=6|-iimu (-iim)
|}

Comparative:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jur
| -jurei
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Accusative
| -jur
| -jures
| -jur
| -jures
| -jus
| -jura
|-
! Genitive
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
| -juris
| -jurur
|-
! Dative
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
| -juri
| -jurif
|-
! Adverb
|colspan=6|-jus
|}

Some adjectives have irregular derived forms:
{| class="wikitable"
! Adjective
! Meaning
! Adverb
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
| buonu
| good
| bien
| meilur
| wodmu
|-
| malu
| bad
| mal
| pejur
| pieimu
|}

=== Numerals ===

==== Cardinal numerals ====

{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|Masculine
!colspan=2|Feminine
!colspan=2|Neuter
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ynu inu
| yni ini
| yna ina
| ynai inai
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Accusative
| yn in
| ynus inus
| yna ina
| ynas inas
| yn in
| yna ina
|-
! Genitive
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
| ynis inis
| ynur inur
|-
! Dative
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
| yne ine
| ynif inif
|}

The reduced form acts as the indefinite article.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masculine
! Feminine
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
| du
| duai
| du
|-
! Accusative
| dus
| duas
| du
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=3|dur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=3|duf
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Masc./Fem.
! Neuter
|-
! Nominative
|colspan=2|tri
|-
! Accusative
| tris
| tri
|-
! Genitive
|colspan=2|triur
|-
! Dative
|colspan=2|trif
|}

=== Verbs ===

First conjugation (e.g. ''amar'' "to love"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| amu
| amas
| amat
| amamus
| amades
| amant
|-
! Imperfect
| amava
| amavas
| amavat
| amevamus
| amevades
| amavant
|-
! Future
| amerau
| amerais
| amerait
| ameraimus
| ameraides
| amerent
|-
! Conditional
| ameraja
| amerajas
| amerajat
| amerajamus
| amerajades
| amerajant
|-
! Past
| amai
| amaiti
| amot
| amomus
| amaites
| amorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ame
| ames
| amet
| amimus
| amides
| ament
|-
! Imperfect
| amose
| amoses
| amoset
| amosimus
| amosides
| amosent
|-
! Past
| amore
| amoris
| amoret
| amorimus
| amorides
| amorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ama
|
|
| amad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|amar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|amand
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|amas (amant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|amadu
|}

Endings:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| -u
| -as
| -at
| -amus
| -ades
| -ant
|-
! Imperfect
| -ava
| -avas
| -avat
| -evamus
| -evades
| -avant
|-
! Future
| -erau
| -erais
| -erait
| -eraimus
| -eraides
| -erent
|-
! Conditional
| -eraja
| -erajas
| -erajat
| -erajamus
| -erajades
| -erajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| -e
| -es
| -et
| -imus
| -ides
| -ent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| -a
|
|
| -ad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|-ar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|-and
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|-as (-ant-)
|}

With the exception of ''dar'' ("to give", 3s ind. past ''deiot'') and ''eitar'' ("to stand", 3s ind. past ''eitediot''), all first conjugation verbs have past forms in ''-ai-''/''-o-''. All regular first conjugation verbs have only one principal part (past tense ''-ai-''/''-o-'', past participle ''-adu'').

Second conjugation (e.g. ''tenir'' "to hold"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| tieinu
| tienes
| tienet
| tenimus
| tenides
| tienent
|-
! Imperfect
| teniva
| tenivas
| tenivat
| tenuamus
| tenuades
| tenivant
|-
! Future
| tendrau
| tendrais
| tendrait
| tendraimus
| tendraides
| tendrent
|-
! Conditional
| tendraja
| tendrajas
| tendrajat
| tendrajamus
| tendrajades
| tendrajant
|-
! Past
| teny
| tenoiti
| tenœt
| tenœmus
| tenoites
| tenœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| tieina
| tieinas
| tieinat
| teinamus
| teinades
| tieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| tenœse
| tenœses
| tenœset
| tenosimus
| tenosides
| tenœsent
|-
! Past
| tenœre
| tenœris
| tenœret
| tenorimus
| tenorides
| tenœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| tien
|
|
| tenid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|tenir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|tenend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|tienes (tenent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|tenidu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-es
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 2-ent
|-
! Imperfect
| 1-iva
| 1-ivas
| 1-ivat
| 1-vamus
| 1-vades
| 1-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|1-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|2-es (1-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

Third conjugation (e.g. ''čir'' "to move away from, to yield"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| čiu
| čies
| čiet
| čimus
| čides
| čiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| čeiva
| čeivas
| čeivat
| čevamus
| čevades
| čeivant
|-
! Future
| čerau
| čerais
| čerait
| čeraimus
| čeraides
| čerent
|-
! Conditional
| čeraja
| čerajas
| čerajat
| čerajamus
| čerajades
| čerajant
|-
! Past
| česi
| česuiti
| česiot
| česumus
| česuites
| česurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| čia
| čias
| čiat
| čeamus
| čeades
| čiant
|-
! Imperfect
| česuse
| česuses
| česuset
| česusimus
| česusides
| česusent
|-
! Past
| česure
| česuris
| česuret
| česurimus
| česurides
| česurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| či
|
|
| čid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|čir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|čeend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|čies (čeent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|čiesu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 1-u
| 1-es
| 1-et
| 1-mus
| 1-des
| 1-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 2-iva
| 2-ivas
| 2-ivat
| 2-vamus
| 2-vades
| 2-ivant
|-
! Future
| 2-rau
| 2-rais
| 2-rait
| 2-raimus
| 2-raides
| 2-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 2-raja
| 2-rajas
| 2-rajat
| 2-rajamus
| 2-rajades
| 2-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 1-a
| 1-as
| 1-at
| 2-amus
| 2-ades
| 1-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 1
|
|
| 1-d
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-r
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|2-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|1-es (2-ent-)
|}
* 1: Stressed
* 2: Plain

Fourth conjugation (e.g. ''venir'' "to come"):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vieinu
| vienis
| vienet
| venimus
| venides
| vieinunt
|-
! Imperfect
| veiniva
| veinivas
| veinivat
| veinuamus
| veinuades
| veinivant
|-
! Future
| vendrau
| vendrais
| vendrait
| vendraimus
| vendraides
| vendrent
|-
! Conditional
| vendraja
| vendrajas
| vendrajat
| vendrajamus
| vendrajades
| vendrajant
|-
! Past
| veni
| venuiti
| veniot
| venumus
| venuites
| venurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vieina
| vieinas
| vieinat
| veinamus
| veinades
| vieinant
|-
! Imperfect
| venuse
| venuses
| venuset
| venusimus
| venusides
| venusent
|-
! Past
| venure
| venuris
| venuret
| venurimus
| venurides
| venurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vieni
|
|
| venid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|venir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|veinend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vieines (veinent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|ventu
|}

By principal part:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| 3-u
| 2-is
| 2-et
| 1-imus
| 1-ides
| 3-unt
|-
! Imperfect
| 4-iva
| 4-ivas
| 4-ivat
| 4-vamus
| 4-vades
| 4-ivant
|-
! Future
| 1-rau
| 1-rais
| 1-rait
| 1-raimus
| 1-raides
| 1-rent
|-
! Conditional
| 1-raja
| 1-rajas
| 1-rajat
| 1-rajamus
| 1-rajades
| 1-rajant
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| 3-a
| 3-as
| 3-at
| 4-amus
| 4-ades
| 3-ant
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| 2-i
|
|
| 1-id
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|1-ir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|4-end
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|3-es (4-ent-)
|}
* 1: Plain
* 2: Stressed
* 3: Stressed + palatalised
* 4: Palatalised

For the second, third and fourth conjugations, the past tense and past participle form separate principal parts. There are three possible past tense conjugations, of which one is exclusive to the first conjugation and ''alar'' ("to go").

First conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -ai
| -aiti
| -ot
| -omus
| -aites
| -orunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -ose
| -oses
| -oset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -osent
|-
! Past
| -ore
| -oris
| -oret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -orent
|}

Second conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -y
| -oiti
| -œt
| -œmus
| -oites
| -œrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -œse
| -œses
| -œset
| -osimus
| -osides
| -œsent
|-
! Past
| -œre
| -œris
| -œret
| -orimus
| -orides
| -œrent
|}

Third conjugation:
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Past
| -i
| -uiti
| -iot
| -umus
| -uites
| -urunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Imperfect
| -use
| -uses
| -uset
| -usimus
| -usides
| -usent
|-
! Past
| -ure
| -uris
| -uret
| -urimus
| -urides
| -urent
|}

If an ending beginning with ''-v-'' directly follows a consonant, then it morphs into ''-u-''. If an ending beginning with ''-r-'' (but not the infinitive ''-r'', which is generally pronounced with an epenthetic vowel after a consonant) directly follows a consonant, then it may undergo the following developments:
{| class="wikitable"
! Stem
! Alteration
|-
| -m-
| -mbr-
|-
| -n-
| -ndr-
|-
| -s-
| -str-
|-
| -š-
| -štr-
|-
| -z-, -ž-
| -rr-
|-
| -c-, -č-
| -tr-
|-
| -l-
| -ll-
|}

==== Irregular verbs ====

Copula (''eitr''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| sun
| jes
| eit
| sumus
| eites
| sunt
|-
! Imperfect
| jera
| jeras
| jerat
| eramus
| erades
| jerant
|-
! Future
| jeru
| jeres
| jeret
| jermus
| jerdes
| jerunt
|-
! Conditional
| jeraja
| jerajas
| jerajat
| jerajamus
| jerajades
| jerajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| sin
| sis
| sit
| simus
| sides
| sent
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| jes
|
|
| eit
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|eitr
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|esend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|eses (esent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|eitu
|}

Existential (''fir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| fiu
| fis
| fit
| fimus
| fides
| fiunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fiva
| fivas
| fivat
| fivamus
| fivades
| fivant
|-
! Future
| firau
| firais
| firait
| firaimus
| firaides
| firent
|-
! Conditional
| firaja
| firajas
| firajat
| firajamus
| firajades
| firajant
|-
! Past
| fy
| foiti
| fœt
| fœmus
| foites
| fœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fia
| fias
| fiat
| fiamus
| fiades
| fiant
|-
! Imperfect
| fœse
| fœses
| fœset
| fosimus
| fosides
| fœsent
|-
! Past
| fœre
| fœris
| fœret
| forimus
| forides
| fœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fi
|
|
| fid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|fir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fiend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fies (fient-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fydu
|}

The existential and the copula share the same past tense forms.

To have (''avir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| au
| ais
| ait
| aimus
| aides
| ent
|-
! Imperfect
| aiva
| aivas
| aivat
| aivamus
| aivades
| aivant
|-
! Future
| avrau
| avrais
| avrait
| avraimus
| avraides
| avrent
|-
! Conditional
| avraja
| avrajas
| avrajat
| avrajamus
| avrajades
| avrajant
|-
! Past
| avy
| avoiti
| avœt
| avœmus
| avoites
| avœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| aja
| ajas
| ajat
| ajamus
| ajades
| ajant
|-
! Imperfect
| avœse
| avœses
| avœset
| avosimus
| avosides
| avœsent
|-
! Past
| avœre
| avœris
| avœret
| avorimus
| avorides
| avœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| ai
|
|
| aid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|avir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|avend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|avis (avent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|atu
|}

To go (''alar''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vau
| vais
| vait
| alamus
| alades
| vaunt
|-
! Imperfect
| alava
| alavas
| alavat
| alevamus
| alevades
| alavant
|-
! Future
| irau
| irais
| irait
| iraimus
| iraides
| irent
|-
! Conditional
| iraja
| irajas
| irajat
| irajamus
| irajades
| irajant
|-
! Past
| alai
| alaiti
| alot
| alomus
| alaites
| alorunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| ale
| ales
| alet
| alimus
| alides
| alent
|-
! Imperfect
| alose
| aloses
| aloset
| alosimus
| alosides
| alosent
|-
! Past
| alore
| aloris
| aloret
| alorimus
| alorides
| alorent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vai
|
|
| alad
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|alar
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|aland
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|alas (alant-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|aladu
|}

To be able (''pudir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| puosu
| puodes
| puodet
| pudimus
| pudides
| puodent
|-
! Imperfect
| pudiva
| pudivas
| pudivat
| puduamus
| puduades
| pudivant
|-
! Future
| pudrau
| pudrais
| pudrait
| pudraimus
| pudraides
| pudrent
|-
! Conditional
| pudraja
| pudrajas
| pudrajat
| pudrajamus
| pudrajades
| pudrajant
|-
! Past
| pudy
| pudoiti
| pudœt
| pudœmus
| pudoites
| pudœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| puosa
| puosas
| puosat
| pusamus
| pusades
| puosant
|-
! Imperfect
| pudœse
| pudœses
| pudœset
| pudosimus
| pudosides
| pudœsent
|-
! Past
| pudœre
| pudœris
| pudœret
| pudorimus
| pudorides
| pudœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| puod
|
|
| pudid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|pudir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|pudend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|puodes (podent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|puitu
|}

To want (''vulir''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| vuoilu
| vuos
| vuout
| vulimus
| vulides
| vuolunt
|-
! Imperfect
| vuliva
| vulivas
| vulivat
| vuluamus
| vuluades
| vulivant
|-
! Future
| vullau
| vullais
| vullait
| vullaimus
| vullaides
| vullent
|-
! Conditional
| vullaja
| vullajas
| vullajat
| vullajamus
| vullajades
| vullajant
|-
! Past
| vuly
| vuloiti
| vuldœt
| vulœmus
| vuloites
| vulœrunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| vuoila
| vuoilas
| vuoilat
| vuilamus
| vuilades
| vuoilant
|-
! Imperfect
| vulœse
| vulœses
| vulœset
| vulosimus
| vulosides
| vulœsent
|-
! Past
| vulœre
| vulœris
| vulœret
| vulorimus
| vulorides
| vulœrent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| vuo
|
|
| vulid
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|vulir
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|vulend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|vuoles (vulent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|vuitu
|}

Related to the above verb are the imperative forms ''nuli'' and ''nulid'' (which form a defective paradigm), which are used to form polite prohibitives (just as the imperatives of ''vulir'' are used to form polite imperatives).

To do (''far''):
{| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=3|Singular
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
! First
! Second
! Third
! First
! Second
! Third
|-
!colspan=7|Indicative
|-
! Present
| faču
| fais
| fait
| faimus
| faites
| fačunt
|-
! Imperfect
| fačiva
| fačivas
| fačivat
| fačuamus
| fačuades
| fačivant
|-
! Future
| fatrau
| fatrais
| fatrait
| fatraimus
| fatraides
| fatrent
|-
! Conditional
| fatraja
| fatrajas
| fatrajat
| fatrajamus
| fatrajades
| fatrajant
|-
! Past
| feči
| fečuiti
| fečiot
| fečumus
| fečuites
| fečurunt
|-
!colspan=7|Subjunctive
|-
! Present
| fača
| fačas
| fačat
| fačamus
| fačades
| fačant
|-
! Imperfect
| fečuse
| fečuses
| fečuset
| fečusimus
| fečusides
| fečusent
|-
! Past
| fečure
| fečuris
| fečuret
| fečurimus
| fečurides
| fečurent
|-
!colspan=7|Imperative
|-
!
|
| fai
|
|
| fait
|
|-
!colspan=7|Non-finite forms
|-
! Infinitive
|colspan=6|far
|-
! Gerund
|colspan=6|fačend
|-
! Present participle
|colspan=6|fačes (fačent-)
|-
! Past participle
|colspan=6|fetu
|}

== Vocabulary ==

* [[/Swadesh list]]

* [[/Vocabulary/Science/Chemistry/Chemical elements]]

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! Multiplier
|-
! 0
| nyllu, nylla, nyll
| nylliimu
| nyllavič
| nylliblu
|-
! 1
| ynu, yna, yn
| primu
| ynavič, siem
| semplis (semplič-)
|-
! 2
| du, duai
| segundu, autru
| duavič, bis
| dublu
|-
! 3
| tri
| tercu
| trivič, tier
| treblu
|-
! 4
| qatru
| qartu
| qatruvič
| qarblu
|-
! 5
| činki
| qintu
| činkivič
| qintublu
|-
! 6
| sis
| siitu
| siivič
| sisublu
|-
! 7
| siet
| siedmu
| siedvič
| sietublu
|-
! 8
| œtu
| itavu
| œtuvič
| œtublu
|-
! 9
| nuov
| nunu
| nuovič
| nunublu
|-
! 10
| dieč
| diežmu
| dievič
| diegublu
|-
! 11
| ynči
| ynčiimu
| ynčivič
| ynčiblu
|-
! 12
| duči
| dučiimu
| dučivič
| dučiblu
|-
! 13
| trieči
| triečiimu
| triečivič
| triečiblu
|-
! 14
| qatorči
| qatorčiimu
| qatorčivič
| qatorčiblu
|-
! 15
| qinči
| qinčiimu
| qinčivič
| qinčiblu
|-
! 16
| siči
| sičiimu
| sičivič
| sičiblu
|-
! 17
| zeššiet
| zeššiedmu
| zeššiedvič
| zešsietublu
|-
! 18
| zečœtu
| zečitavu
| zečœtuvič
| zečitublu
|-
! 19
| zežnuov
| zežnunu
| zežnuovič
| zežnunublu
|-
! 20
| vienti
| vientiimu
| vientiič
| vientublu
|-
! 30
| trienta
| trientaimu
| trientavič
| trientublu
|-
! 40
| qarenta
| qarentaimu
| qarentavič
| qarentublu
|-
! 50
| činqenta
| činqentaimu
| činqentavič
| činqentublu
|-
! 60
| sisenta
| sisentaimu
| sisentavič
| sisentublu
|-
! 70
| sietenta
| sietentaimu
| sietentavič
| sietentublu
|-
! 80
| œtenta
| œtentaimu
| œtentavič
| œtentublu
|-
! 90
| nunenta
| nunentaimu
| nunentavič
| nunentublu
|-
! 100
| čent
| čentiimu
| čentuvič
| čentublu
|-
! 500
| qiinenti
| qiinentiimu
| qiinentivič
| qiinentublu
|-
! 1,000
| mill (mill-, plural miila)
| milliimu
| millivič
| milliblu
|-
! 10,000
| myrias (myriad-)
| myriadiimu
| myriadivič
| myriadiblu
|}

All noun-like cardinals (one thousand and higher) are neuter.

=== Time ===

{| class="wikitable"
| time
| tempus ''n'' (tempr-)
|-
| second
| sekunda ''f''
|-
| minute
| menyda ''f''
|-
| hour
| ura ''f''
|-
| day
| dia ''m''
|-
| week
| sedmana ''f''
|-
| month
| mize ''m'' (miz-)
|-
| year
| annu ''m''
|-
| decade
| diegas ''f'' (dega-)
|-
| century
| sieil ''n''
|-
| millennium
| millein ''n''
|-
| day before yesterday
| autrieri
|-
| yesterday
| jeri
|-
| today
| woi
|-
| tomorrow
| deman
|-
| day after tomorrow
| poikras
|-
| Sunday
| suidi
|-
| Monday
| lyndi
|-
| Tuesday
| mardi
|-
| Wednesday
| merkuirdi
|-
| Thursday
| žoudi
|-
| Friday
| vierdi
|-
| Saturday
| sardi
|-
| January
| žanairu ''m''
|-
| February
| fevrairu ''m''
|-
| March
| marcu ''m''
|-
| April
| abrile ''m'' (abril-)
|-
| May
| maju ''m''
|-
| June
| žyinu ''m''
|-
| July
| žyilu ''m''
|-
| August
| austu ''m''
|-
| September
| setembru ''m''
|-
| October
| ituvru ''m''
|-
| November
| nuvembru ''m''
|-
| December
| dečembru ''m''
|-
| season
| eitacu ''f'' (eitacun-)
|-
| spring
| primavira ''f''
|-
| summer
| eitas ''f'' (eitat-)
|-
| autumn
| aduvnu ''m''
|-
| winter
| ivern ''n''
|}

=== Colours ===

{| class="wikitable"
| colour
| cuolur ''m'' (culur-)
|-
| white
| blanku, albu (''rare'')
|-
| black
| niru
|-
| red
| ruvru
|-
| orange
| aranču
|-
| yellow
| gauvnu
|-
| green
| virde
|-
| blue-green
| čeruilu
|-
| blue
| blavu
|-
| purple
| purpuiru
|-
| brown
| brynu
|-
| grey
| grizu
|-
| pink
| ruožu
|}

== Examples ==

[[/Syntax tests]]

Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

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Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

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Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

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Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

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Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

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Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

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Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

2020-10-09T12:25:10Z

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Language scratchpad/Romlang scratchpad/Syntax tests

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