{"id":774,"date":"2019-06-19T11:46:18","date_gmt":"2019-06-19T11:46:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/?p=774"},"modified":"2019-07-11T12:31:15","modified_gmt":"2019-07-11T12:31:15","slug":"innocence-seekers-the-black-rose-upper-monograde-and-bigrade-verbs-in-namari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/2019\/06\/19\/innocence-seekers-the-black-rose-upper-monograde-and-bigrade-verbs-in-namari\/","title":{"rendered":"Innocence Seekers: The Black Rose \u2013 Upper monograde and bigrade verbs in Namari"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>This post will detail two particular categories of Namari verbs. One thing I noticed when going through Japanese verbs is that there are only a small number of upper vowel-stem verbs (ending in <em>-iru<\/em>) compared to their lower counterparts (ending in <em>-eru<\/em>). As such, I will analyse each Japanese upper vowel-stem verb and see if its Namari counterpart is also upper bigrade or upper monograde.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>In Japanese, the upper vowel-stem class originates from verbs whose Proto-Japonic stems ended in <em>*-uy-<\/em>, <em>*-oy-<\/em> or <em>*-\u0259y-<\/em>. However, only stems in <em>*-uy-<\/em> and <em>*-oy-<\/em> (as far as I know, no attested Japonic language distinguishes between <em>*-uy-<\/em> and <em>*-oy-<\/em>) result in Namari upper bigrade\/monograde verbs; stems in <em>*-\u0259y-<\/em> are lower bigrade\/monograde (e.g. <em>*\u0259t\u0259y-i<\/em> becomes <em>ote<\/em> compared to Japanese <em>ochi<\/em>). Hence the number of upper bigrade\/monograde verbs in Namari is even lower than the number in Japanese.<\/p>\n<p>While I won&#8217;t give all the details on how I came to a reconstructed or Namari form, there are a number of things I will take into account:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arisaka&#8217;s Law, which dictates that *\/\u0259\/ cannot co-occur with *\/a\/, *\/u\/ and\/or *\/o\/.<\/li>\n<li>Not all Japanese upper vowel-stem verbs are native. Many of those ending in <em>-jiru<\/em> are actually derived from Sino-Japanese.<\/li>\n<li>I do not include compounds.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Here is the list of Namari upper bigrade\/monograde verbs:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>aku (Japanese <em>akiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*ak-[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>abu (Japanese <em>abiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*amp[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>eku (Japanese <em>ikiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*ik-[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>\u012b (Japanese <em>iru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*wo-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>kayu (Japanese <em>kariru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*kar[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>k\u012b (Japanese <em>kiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*ki-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>kobu (Japanese <em>kobiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*komp-[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>koyu (Japanese <em>koriru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*kor-[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>kutu (Japanese <em>kuchiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*ku-t[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>kuyu (Japanese <em>kuiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*kuy-[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>m\u012b (Japanese <em>miru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*mi-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>mitu (Japanese <em>michiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*mit-o-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>p\u012b (Japanese <em>hiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*po-y-<\/em>; cf. Amami <em>hiri<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>pinabu (Japanese <em>hinabiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*pinam-p-[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>sabu (Japanese <em>sabiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*samp[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>shimu (Japanese <em>shimiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*so-y-m[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>shinabu (Japanese <em>shinabiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*sinamp[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>shiu (Japanese <em>sh\u012bru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*sip[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>sugu (Japanese <em>sugiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*sunko-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>tozu (Japanese <em>tojiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*ton-t[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>tubu (Japanese <em>chibiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*tumpu-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>tuku (Japanese <em>tsukiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*tuko-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>wabu (Japanese <em>wabiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*wamp-[u,o]y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>List of Namari lower bigrade\/monograde verbs whose Japanese cognates are upper vowel-stem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nei (Japanese <em>niru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*n\u0259y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>obu (Japanese <em>obiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*\u0259mp\u0259y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>oku (Japanese <em>okiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*\u0259k\u0259-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>otu (Japanese <em>ochiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*\u0259t\u0259-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>ou (Japanese <em>oiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*\u0259y\u0259-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>oyu (Japanese <em>oriru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*\u0259r\u0259-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>pokoyobu (Japanese <em>hokorobiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*p\u0259(t\u0259)k\u0259r\u0259-b\u0259-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>poyobu (Japanese <em>horobiru<\/em>, Proto-Japonic <em>*p\u0259r\u0259b\u0259-y-<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The above two lists contain a total of 31 verbs. Of these verbs, seven are lower bigrade, one is lower monograde, 19 are upper bigrade, and four are upper monograde.<\/p>\n<p>In most cases, I am unable to determine whether the thematic diphthong is <em>*-uy-<\/em> or <em>*-oy-<\/em>. I typically use the notation <em>*[u,o]<\/em> in this context, especially since the distinction is often irrelevant and cannot be determined from the known corpus. However, there are a number of verbs whose thematic diphthongs I can at least tentatively reconstruct:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u012b<\/em>, from <em>*wo-y<\/em>, based on <em>*wo-r-<\/em>, whence Namari <em>oi<\/em>, Japanese <em>oru<\/em> and Okinawan <em>wun<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>mitu<\/em>, from <em>*mit-o-y-<\/em> (tentative), based on Amami <em>mi\u03b8uri<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>p\u012b<\/em>, from <em>*po-y-<\/em>, based on Amami <em>hiri<\/em> and Japanese <em>hiru<\/em> and <em>hosu<\/em> (if it were <em>**p\u0259-y-<\/em>, the Amami form would be <em>*h\u00efri<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><em>sugu<\/em>, from <em>*sunko-y-<\/em>, based on Japanese <em>sugoi<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><em>tubu<\/em>, from <em>*tumpu-y-<\/em>, based on Japanese <em>tsubu<\/em> (if it were *\/o\/, the noun would be <em>*tsubo<\/em>).<\/li>\n<li><em>tuku<\/em>, from <em>*tuko-y-<\/em>, based on <em>*tuko-r-<\/em>, whence Namari <em>tukoyu<\/em>, Japanese <em>tsukuru<\/em> and Yaeyama <em>ts\u00efkurun<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>That will be all for now.<\/p>\n<p>Edit (2019-07-10): I just realised that Japanese <em>niru<\/em> had an intransitive form <em>noru<\/em> in Old Japanese, and Okinawan <em>niyun<\/em> confirmed the *\/\u0259\/ (if it were *\/u\/ or *\/o\/, I would have expected Okinawan <em>*njun<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Also, I have an explanation as to why I think verbs ending in <em>-ay-<\/em> are overrepresented in Japonic. This <em>*-ay-<\/em> was actually a verbal suffix that changed the transitivity of the original verb. Also, the larger number of <em>*-uy-<\/em>\/<em>*-oy-<\/em> verbs compared to <em>*-\u0259y-<\/em> verbs (21 versus eight from the above lists) may also be explained by <em>*-ay-<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Where Japanese has an <em>-iru<\/em>\/<em>-asu<\/em> alternation (e.g. <em>michiru<\/em> versus <em>mitasu<\/em>) it is possible that there is a third verb derived directly from the root (in this case the third verb is attested as <em>mitsu<\/em>). My hypothesis is that in these trios of verbs, the base form is simply, for example, <em>*mit-<\/em>, while the derived forms are, for example, <em>**mit-ru-ay-<\/em> \u2192 <em>*mit-oy-<\/em> (mediopassive; derived from the attributive of <em>*mit-<\/em>, <em>**mit-ru-a<\/em> \u2192 <em>*mit-o<\/em>) and <em>*mit-as-<\/em> (causative; derived directly from the root).<\/p>\n<p>I believe a number of upper vowel-stem verbs actually originate from the above construction, and thus end in <em>*-oy-<\/em>, alternating with <em>*-as-<\/em> and a null suffix. The remaining verbs ending in <em>*-uy-<\/em> are most likely inchoatives (marked by the verbalising suffix <em>*-y-<\/em>) or derived from nouns, although it is still possible that <em>*-ay-<\/em> was used and the *\/a\/ was simply elided.<\/p>\n<p>As for verbs ending in <em>*-\u0259y-<\/em>, their existence may in fact be a side effect of Arisaka&#8217;s Law (which prohibits *\/\u0259\/ from coexisting with a back vowel within a morpheme), or an ancient vowel harmony system that led to Arisaka&#8217;s Law. When <em>*-ay-<\/em> is suffixed to a stem ending in *\/\u0259\/, there appears to be a very strong preference to eliding the *\/a\/ instead of the *\/\u0259\/, almost always resulting in <em>*-\u0259y-<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This post will detail two particular categories of Namari verbs. One thing I noticed when going through Japanese verbs is that there are only a small number of upper vowel-stem verbs (ending in -iru) compared to their lower counterparts (ending in -eru). As such, I will analyse each Japanese upper vowel-stem verb and see if [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,2],"tags":[21,5],"class_list":["post-774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-conlangs","category-innocence-seekers","tag-conlang","tag-innocence-seekers"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=774"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":795,"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/774\/revisions\/795"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=774"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=774"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.innocenceseekers.net\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}