Blylandic Swadesh list
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This article lists the Swadesh lists for Blylandic and Old Blylandic.
| No. | English | Proto-Blylandic | Old Blylandic | Blylandic | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | *ek | ek | ek | |
| 2 | thou | *þuu | þuu | þau | |
| 3 | he | hir | hir | Actually a demonstrative | |
| 4 | we | *wiiz | wiir | wair | Old Blylandic dual wet |
| 5 | you | *juuz | juur | jaur | Old Blylandic dual jut |
| 6 | they | hiir m, hjor f, hju n | hair m, jor f, ju n | ||
| 7 | this | *hiz, *hijoo, *hit *hiiz, *hijooz, *hijoo |
hir m s, hju f s, hit n s hiir m p, hjor f p, hju n p |
hir m s, ju f s, hit n s hair m p, jor f p, ju n p |
Also a third person pronoun |
| 8 | that | *sa, *soo, *þat *þai, *þoouz, *þoo |
Medial: sa m s, soo f s, þat n s þęę m p, þoor f p, þoo n p Distal: jęęner m s, jęęnu f s, jęęnat n s jęęnę m p, jęęnor f p, jęęnu n p |
Medial: sa m s, suu f s, þat n s þii m p, þuur f p, þuu n p Distal: jein m,f s, jeinet n s jeini m p, jeiner f p, jeine n p |
|
| 9 | here | *heiz | heer | hiir | |
| 10 | there | *þar | Medial: þaar Distal: jęęnir |
Medial: þeir Distal: jeider |
|
| 11 | who | *hwaz | hwar | war | |
| 12 | what | *hwat | hwat | wat | |
| 13 | where | *hwar | hwaar | weir | |
| 14 | when | *hwannee | hwanni | wanne | |
| 15 | how | hwii | wai | Also means "why" | |
| 16 | not | *ne, *ni | ni, mesan | mesen, minde, minden | Old Blylandic ni is used to negate non-verb phrases, using mesan for verbs. Blylandic mesen is used to negate verbs, minde nouns and minden other words. |
| 17 | all | *allaz | aller | all | |
| 18 | many | *managaz | manager | maneg | |
| 19 | some | *sumaz | sumer | sum | |
| 20 | few | *fawaz | fawer | fau | |
| 21 | other | *anþeraz | annarer | anner | Also means "second" |
| 22 | one | *ainaz | ęęner | iin m,f, iit n | |
| 23 | two | *twai | twęę | twii m, tuur f, tuu n | |
| 24 | three | *þriiz | þriir | þrair m,f, þrai n | |
| 25 | four | *fedwoor | födor | föder | |
| 26 | five | *fimf | feff | fef | |
| 27 | big, great | *mikilaz | mikiler | mikl | |
| 28 | long | langer | lang | ||
| 29 | wide (broad) | bręęder | briid | ||
| 30 | thick | þöker | þök | ||
| 31 | heavy | swaarer | sweir | ||
| 32 | small (little) | liitiler | laitel | ||
| 33 | short | skorter | skort | ||
| 34 | narrow | nǫrer | nǫr | ||
| 35 | thin | þunner | þunn | ||
| 36 | woman | qena f (qenoner, qenoner) | qene f (qenens, qenner) | ||
| 37 | man (male) | werer m (weres, werur) gumo m (gyminer, gumaner) |
gume m (gumens, gumner) | ||
| 38 | man (human) | manno m (męnner, męnner) | manne m (mannes, męnner) | ||
| 39 | child | barn n (barnes, barnu) | barn n (barns, barne) | ||
| 40 | wife | qęęner f (qęęnir, qęęnir) | qiin f (qiins, qiiner) | ||
| 41 | husband | gumo m (gyminer, gumaner) | gume m (gumens, gumner) | ||
| 42 | mother | moodir f (mooders, möödrer) | muuder f (muuders, meuder) | ||
| 43 | father | fadir m (fǫders, fędrer) | fader m (faders, fęder) | ||
| 44 | animal (beast) | döör n (dööres, dööru) | deur n (deurs, deure) | ||
| 45 | fish | fisker m (fiskes, fiskur) | fisk m (fiskes, fisker) | ||
| 46 | bird (fowl) | fogler m (fogles, foglur) | fogl m (fogls, fogler) | ||
| 47 | dog (hound) | hunder m (hundes, hundur) | hund m (hunds, hunder) | ||
| 48 | louse | luus f (lyyser, lyyser) | laus f (lauses, liuser) | ||
| 49 | snake | slango m (slęnginer, slanganer) | slange m (slangens, slangner) | ||
| 50 | worm | yrmer m (yrmir, yrmir) | yrm m (yrms, yrmer) | ||
| 51 | tree | treu n (trewes, trewo) | treu n (treus, trewe) | ||
| 52 | forest | wǫller m (wallǫr, węllir) | wǫll m (wǫlls, węller) | ||
| 53 | stick (of wood) | staber m (stabes, stabur) | stab m (stabs, staber) | ||
| 54 | fruit | blööder f (blöödir, blöödir) | bleud f (bleuds, bleuder) | ||
| 55 | seed | sęęder f (sęędir, sęędir) | siid f (siids, siider) | ||
| 56 | leaf | lǫǫp n (lǫǫbes, lǫǫbu) | loub n (loubs, loube) | ||
| 57 | root | wroots f (wrööter, wrööter) | ruut f (ruuts, reuter) | cf. O.Bly. urts "root used in herbal medicine", whence Bly. urt. | |
| 58 | bark | bǫrker m (barkǫr, bęrkir) | bǫrk m (bǫrks, bęrker) | ||
| 59 | flower | blooma f (bloomoner, bloomoner) | bluume f (bluumens, bluumner) | ||
| 60 | grass | gras n (grases, grasu) | gras n (grases, grase) | ||
| 61 | rope | ręęper m (ręępes, ręępur) | riip m (riips, riiper) | ||
| 62 | skin (hide) | hyyder f (hyydir, hyydir) | hiud f (hiuds, hiuder) | ||
| 63 | meat (flesh) | flęęsk n (flęęskes, flęęsku) | fliisk n (fliisks, fliiske) | ||
| 64 | blood | bloot n (bloodes, bloodu) | bluut n (bluuds, bluude) | ||
| 65 | bone | bęęn n (bęęnes, bęęnu) | biin n (biins, biin) | ||
| 66 | fat (noun) | fęęt n (fęętes, fęętu) | fiit n (fiits, fiite) | ||
| 67 | egg | ęi n (ęjes, ęju) | ei n (eis, eje) | ||
| 68 | horn | horn n (hornes, hornu) | horn n (horns, horne) | ||
| 69 | tail | tagl n (tagles, taglu) | tagl n (tagls, tagle) | ||
| 70 | feather | feþru f (feþrur, feþror) | feþr f (feþrs, feþrer) | ||
| 71 | hair | haar n (haares, haaru) | heir n (heirs, heire) | ||
| 72 | head | hoobud n (hoobudes, hoobudu) | huud n (huuds, huude) | ||
| 73 | ear | ǫǫro n (ööriner, ǫǫronu) | oure n (ourens, ouren) | ||
| 74 | eye | ǫǫgo n (ööginer, ǫǫgonu) | ouge n (ougens, ougen) | ||
| 75 | nose | nasu f (nasur, nasor) | nas f (nases, naser) | ||
| 76 | mouth | monner m (monnes, monnur) | monn m (monns, monner) | ||
| 77 | tooth | tanns m (tynder, tęnner) | tann m (tynds, tęnner) | The Old Blylandic oblique stem is actually tund-; the tynd- forms are umlauted forms. The Blylandic oblique stem is invariant. | |
| 78 | tongue | tunga f (tungoner, tungoner) | tunge f (tungens, tungner) | Also means "speech, language" | |
| 79 | fingernail | nagler m (nagles, naglur) | nagl m (nagls, nagler) | ||
| 80 | foot | foots m (fööter, fööter) | fuut m (fuuts, feuter) | ||
| 81 | leg | skanko m (skęnkiner, skankaner) | skanke m (skankens, skankner) | ||
| 82 | knee | kneu n (knewes, knewo) | kneu n (kneus, knewe) | ||
| 83 | hand | hǫnder f (handǫr, hęndir) | hǫnd f (hǫnds, hęnder) | ||
| 84 | wing | fiþri n (fiþrijes, fiþriju) | fiþir n (fiþirs, fiþire) | ||
| 85 | belly | buuker m (buukes, buukur) | bauk m (bauks, bauker) | ||
| 86 | guts | þarmer m (þarmes, þarmur) | þarm m (þarms, þarmer) | ||
| 87 | neck | hnakko m (hnękkiner, hnakkaner) "nape" halser m (halses, halsur) |
nakke m (nakkens, nakkner) "nape" hals m (halses, halser) |
||
| 88 | back | bak n (bakes, baku) | bak n (baks, bake) | ||
| 89 | breast | brööst n (brööstes, brööstu) | bröst n (brösts, bröste) | ||
| 90 | heart | herto n (hirtiner, hertonu) | herte n (hertens, herten) | ||
| 91 | liver | libru f (librur, libror) | libr f (librs, librer) | ||
| 92 | to drink | drinkan st (drinkis, drank, drunken, drynki, drunkaner) |
drinken st (drank, drunken drynki, drunken) |
||
| 93 | to eat | etan st (itis, aat, ǫǫten, ęęti, etaner) |
eten st (eit, outen, iiti, eten) |
||
| 94 | to bite | biitan st (biitis, bęęt, byten, biti, bitaner) |
baiten st (biit, byten, biti, biten) |
||
| 95 | to suck | suugan st (syygis, sǫǫk, sugen, sygi, soganer) |
saugen st (souk, sugen, sygi, sogen) |
||
| 96 | to spit | spiton wk (spitoder) | spiten wk (spited) | ||
| 97 | to vomit | spiiwan st (spiiwis, spęęu, spywen, spiwi, spiwaner) |
spaiwen st (spöö, spywen, spiwi, spyyn) |
||
| 98 | to blow | blaasan st (blęęsis, blelus, blölsen, blölsi, blaasaner) |
bleisen st (bleus, blösen, blösi, bleisen) |
||
| 99 | to breathe | andon wk (andoder) | anden wk (anded) | ||
| 100 | to laugh | hlęhan st (hlęhis, hlooh, hloogen, hlöögi, hlaganer) |
lein st (luu, luugen, leugi, lagen) |
||
| 101 | to see | sehwan st (sihwis, sahw, sǫǫgen, sęęwi, sewaner) |
sein st (saa, sougen, söö, söön) |
||
| 102 | to hear | hööran wk (höörider) | heuren wk (hörd) | ||
| 103 | to know | witan p-p (węęt, wyten, witi, wisser) konnan p-p (kann, kunnen, könni, konner) |
witen p-p (wiit, wyten, witi, wiss) konnen p-p (kan, kunnen, könni, kond) |
||
| 104 | to think | þęnkan wk (þaahter) | þęnken wk (þeit) | ||
| 105 | to smell | lykiton wk (lykitoder) | lyyten wk (lyyted) | ||
| 106 | to fear | fyrhsan wk (fyrhtider) | fyrsen wk (fyrst) | ||
| 107 | to sleep | slaapan st (slęępis, slelup, slölpen, slölpi, slaapaner) |
sleipen st (sleup, slöpen, slöpi, sleipen) |
||
| 108 | to live | liban wk (libider) | liben wk (liud) | ||
| 109 | to die | dööjan st (dööis, dedǫ, döden, dödi, dawaner) |
dein st (ded, döden, dödi, daun) |
||
| 110 | to kill | döözan wk (döödider) | deuzen wk (döst) | ||
| 111 | to fight | wiigan st (wiigis, węęh, wygen, wigi, wiganer) |
waigen st (wii, wygen, wigi, wigen) |
||
| 112 | to hunt | weesan wk (weeþider) | wiisen wk (wiist) | ||
| 113 | to hit | slahan st (slęhis, slooh, sloogen, slöögi, slaganer) |
slaan st (sluu, slougen, slöögi, slagen) |
||
| 114 | to cut | sniiþan st (sniiþis, snęęt, snyden, snidi, snidaner) |
snaiþen st (sniit, snyden, snidi, sniden) |
||
| 115 | to split | klööban st (klyybis, klǫǫp, kluben, klybi, klubaner) |
kleuben st (kloup, kluben, klybi, kluben) |
||
| 116 | to stab | stikon wk (stikoder) | stiken wk (stiked) | ||
| 117 | to scratch | hrapon wk (hrapoder) | rapen wk (raped) | ||
| 118 | to dig | graban st (grębis, groop, grooben, grööbi, grabaner) |
graben st (gruup, gruuben, greubi, graben) |
||
| 119 | to swim | swemman st (swimmis, swamm, summen, sömmi, sommaner) |
swemmen st (swam, summen, sömmi, sommen) |
||
| 120 | to fly | flöögan st (flyygis, flǫǫk, flugen, flygi, floganer) |
fleugen st (flouk, flugen, flygi, flogen) |
||
| 121 | to walk | gangan st (gęngis, gegang, göngen, göngi, ganganer) |
gangen st (geng, göngen, göngi, gangen) |
||
| 122 | to come | *qeman | qeman st (qimis, qam, qǫǫmen, qęęmi, kumaner) |
qemen st (qam, qoumen, qiimi, kumen) |
|
| 123 | to lie | ligjan st (ligis, lak, lǫǫgen, lęęgi, leganer) |
ligjen st (lak, lougen, liigi, legen) |
||
| 124 | to sit | sisan st (sitis, sat, sǫǫten, sęęti, setaner) |
sisen st (sat, souten, siiti, seten) |
||
| 125 | to stand | *standan, *staan | standan st (stęndis, stoot, stooden, stöödi, stadaner) |
standen st (stuut, stuuden, steudi, staden) |
|
| 126 | to turn | węndan wk (węndider) | węnden wk (węnst) | ||
| 127 | to fall | fallan st (fęllis, fefall, föllen, fölli, fallaner) |
fallen st (fell, föllen, fölli, fallen) |
||
| 128 | to give | geban st (gibis, gap, gǫǫben, gęębi, gebaner) |
geben st (gap, gouben, giibi, geben) |
||
| 129 | to hold | haldan st (hęldis, hegalt, hölden, höldi, haldaner) |
halden st (helt, hölden, höldi, halden) |
||
| 130 | to squeeze | qeeson wk (qeesoder) | qiisen wk (qiised) | ||
| 131 | to rub | nuuwan st (nyywis, nǫǫ, nuwen, nywi, nuwaner) |
naun st (nou, nun, nyy, nuun) |
||
| 132 | to wash | waskan st (węskis, wewask, wösken, wöski, waskaner) þwahan st (þwęhis, þwooh, þwoogen, þwöögi, þwaganer) |
wasken st (wesk, wösken, wöski, wasken) þwaan st (þuu, þuugen þeugi, þwagen) |
waskan/wasken refers to washing someone/something else, while þwahan/þwaan refers to washing oneself. 2sg. pst. ind. of waskan/wasken is wewast/west. | |
| 133 | to wipe | swerban st (swirbis, swarp, surben, syrbi, surbaner) |
swerben st (swarp, surben, syrbi, surben) |
Also means "to file" | |
| 134 | to pull (drag) | dragan st (dręgis, drook, droogen, dröögi, draganer) |
dragen st (druuk, druugen, dreugi, dragen) |
||
| 135 | to push | skööban st (skyybis, skǫǫp, skuben, skybi, skubaner) |
skeuben st (skoup, skuben, skybi, skuben) |
||
| 136 | to throw | werpan st (wirpis, warp, urpen, yrpi, urpaner) |
werpen st (warp, urpen, yrpi, urpen) |
||
| 137 | to bind | bindan st (bindis, bant, bunden, byndi, bundaner) |
binden st (bant, bunden, byndi, bunden) |
||
| 138 | to sew | siwan wk (siwider) | syyn wk (syyd) | ||
| 139 | to count | tęlan wk (tęlider) | tęlen wk (tęld) | ||
| 140 | to say | sęgjan wk (sadder) | sęgjen wk (sadd) | ||
| 141 | to sing | singwan st (singwis, sang, sungen, syngi, sungen) |
singen st (sang, sungen, syngi, sungen) |
||
| 142 | to play | lęękan st (leekis, lelęk, lilken, lilki, lęękaner) |
liiken st (lek, liken, liki, liiken) |
||
| 143 | to float | floton wk (flotod) | floten wk (floted) | ||
| 144 | to flow | flooan st (floois, flelu, flölen, flöli, flooaner) |
fluun st (fleu, flön, flöi, fluun) |
||
| 145 | to freeze | fröösan st (fryysis, frǫǫs, fruren, fryri, froran) |
freusen st (frous, fruren, fryri, froren) |
||
| 146 | to swell | swellan st (swillis, swall, sullen, sylli, swollaner) |
swellen st (swall, sullen, sylli, swollen) |
||
| 147 | sun | sonna f (sonnoner, sonnoner) | sonne f (sonnens, sonner) | ||
| 148 | moon | maano m (męęniner, maananer) | meine m (meinens, meinner) | ||
| 149 | star | sterna f (sternoner, sternoner) | sterne f (sternens, sternner) | ||
| 150 | water | watur n (wętiner, watnu) | wate n (watens, waten) | Note the archaic Blylandic nominative singular water. | |
| 151 | rain | regn n (regnes, regnu) | regn n (regns, regne) | ||
| 152 | river | ahu f (ahur, ahwor) ęlbi f (ęlbur, ęlbor) |
aa f (aas, aar) ęlb f (ęlbs, ęlber) |
ahu/aa refer to small rivers. | |
| 153 | lake | lǫger m (lagǫr, lęgir) | lǫg m (lǫgs, lęger) | ||
| 154 | sea | seewer m (seewir, seewir) męr n (męrir, męri) |
sii m (siis, siir) męr n (męrs, męre) |
męr means "ocean". | |
| 155 | salt | salt n (saltes, saltu) | salt n (salts, salte) | ||
| 156 | stone | stęęner m (stęęnes, stęęnur) | stiin m (stiins, stiiner) | ||
| 157 | sand | sander m (sandes, sandur) | sand m (sands, sander) | ||
| 158 | dust | dust n (dustes, dustu) | dust n (dusts, duste) | ||
| 159 | earth | erþu f (erþur, erþor) | erþ f (erþs, erþer) | ||
| 160 | cloud | mikster m (mikstes, mikstur) | mist m (mists, mister) | ||
| 161 | fog | þoka f (þokoner, þokoner) | þoke f (þokens, þokner) | ||
| 162 | sky | himiner m (himines, himinur) | hifn m (hifns, hifner) | ||
| 163 | wind | winder m (windes, windur) | wind m (winds, winder) | ||
| 164 | snow | snęęwer m (snęęwes, snęęur) | snöö m (snöös, snöör) | ||
| 165 | ice | iis n (iises, iisu) | ais n (aises, aise) | ||
| 166 | smoke | rööker m (röökir, röökir) | reuk m (reuks, reuker) | ||
| 167 | fire | foor n (fynner, fynner) | funn n (funns, fynner) | Note the archaic Blylandic nominative singular fuur. | |
| 168 | ash | aska f (askoner, askoner) | aske f (askens, askner) | ||
| 169 | to burn | brennan st (brinnis, brann, brunnen, brynni, bronnaner) |
brennen st (bran, brunnen, brynni, bronnen) |
||
| 170 | road | weger m (weges, wegur) | weg m (wegs, weger) | ||
| 171 | mountain | berger m (berges, bergur) | berg m (bergs, berger) | ||
| 172 | red | rǫǫder | roud | ||
| 173 | green | grööner | greun | ||
| 174 | yellow | göler | göl | ||
| 175 | white | hwiiter | wait | ||
| 176 | black | swarter | swart | ||
| 177 | night | nahts f (nęhter, nęhter) | natt f (natts, nętter) | ||
| 178 | day | dager m (dages, dagur) | dag m (dags, dager) | ||
| 179 | year | jaar n (jaares, jaaru) | jeir n (jeirs, jeire) | ||
| 180 | warm | warmer | warm | ||
| 181 | cold | kalder | kald | ||
| 182 | full | foller | foll | ||
| 183 | new | niwer | nyy | ||
| 184 | old | alder | ald | ||
| 185 | good | *goodaz | gooder | guud | |
| 186 | bad | *ubilaz | ybiler | ybl | |
| 187 | rotten | fuuler | faul | ||
| 188 | dirty | skiitager | skaiteg | ||
| 189 | straight | rehter | rett | ||
| 190 | round | krenglager | krengleg | ||
| 191 | sharp | skarper | skarp | ||
| 192 | dull | slęęwer | slöö | ||
| 193 | smooth | slihter | slitt | ||
| 194 | wet | węętider | wiited | ||
| 195 | dry | þurser | þurs | ||
| 196 | correct | rehter | rett | ||
| 197 | near | naahwer | nei | Comparative adverb: nęęhwer/niir | |
| 198 | far | ferrer | ferr | Adverb: ferrę/ferri, comparative: forþarer/forþer Superlative: fyrþister/fyrþest | |
| 199 | right | tökso | tösse | ||
| 200 | left | winistrer | winstr | ||
| 201 | at | *at | (accusative +) at | (accusative +) at | |
| 202 | in | *in | (dative +) in | (dative +) in | Means "into" if the accusative is used. |
| 203 | with | *midi | (instrumental +) mis | (dative +) mis | mis is strictly a comitative. In Blylandic, bi is used for the instrumental. |
| 204 | and | *auk, *jah | ǫk | ǫk | |
| 205 | if | *jabai | jabę | jabi | |
| 206 | because | þii | þai | ||
| 207 | name | namo n (nęminer, namnu) | name n (namens, namen) |