Old Bunnaran language

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The Old Bunnaran language was a language spoken in (TODO: to be determined).

Note: This language is under construction.

Phonology

Grammar

Nouns

Declension of wulfer (masculine a-stem):

Singular Plural
Nominative wulfer
/ˈwʊl.fəɾ/ 		wulfus
/ˈwʊl.fʊs/
Vocative wulf
/ˈwʊlf/ 		wulfus
/ˈwʊl.fʊs/
Accusative wulf
/ˈwʊlf/ 		wulfen
/ˈwʊl.fən/
Genitive wulfes
/ˈwʊl.fəs/ 		wulfo
/ˈwʊl.fo/
Dative wulfë
/ˈwʊl.fe/ 		wulfamer
/ˈwʊl.fɑ.məɾ/

Declension of juk (neuter a-stem):

Singular Plural
Nominative juk
/ˈjʊk/ 		juku
/ˈjuː.ku/
Vocative juk
/ˈjʊk/ 		juku
/ˈjuː.ku/
Accusative juk
/ˈjʊk/ 		juku
/ˈjuː.ku/
Genitive jukes
/ˈjuː.kəs/ 		juko
/ˈjuː.ko/
Dative jukë
/ˈjuː.ke/ 		jukamer
/ˈjuː.kɑ.məɾ/

Declension of gebu (feminine ō-stem):

Singular Plural
Nominative gebu
/ˈgɛː.βu/ 		gebor
/ˈgɛː.βɔɾ/
Vocative gebu
/ˈgɛː.βu/ 		gebor
/ˈgɛː.βɔɾ/
Accusative geba
/ˈgɛː.βɑ/ 		gebur
/ˈgɛː.βʊɾ/
Genitive gebur
/ˈgɛː.βʊɾ/ 		gebo
/ˈgɛː.βo/
Dative gebui
/ˈgɛː.βʊj/ 		gebumer
/ˈgɛː.βʊ.məɾ/

Declension of gester (masculine i-stem):

Singular Plural
Nominative gester
/ˈgɛs.təɾ/ 		gestir
/ˈgɛs.tɪɾ/
Vocative gest
/ˈgɛst/ 		gestir
/ˈgɛs.tɪɾ/
Accusative geste
/ˈgɛs.tə/ 		gesten
/ˈgɛs.tən/
Genitive gestir
/ˈgɛs.tɪɾ/ 		gestio
/ˈgɛs.tjo/
Dative gesti
/ˈgɛs.ti/ 		gestimer
/ˈgɛs.tɪ.məɾ/

Declension of mer (neuter i-stem):

Singular Plural
Nominative mer
/ˈmɛɾ/ 		meri
/ˈmɛː.ɾi/
Vocative mer
/ˈmɛɾ/ 		meri
/ˈmɛː.ɾi/
Accusative mer
/ˈmɛɾ/ 		meri
/ˈmɛː.ɾi/
Genitive merir
/ˈmɛː.ɾɪɾ/ 		merio
/ˈmɛː.ɾjo/
Dative meri
/ˈmɛː.ɾi/ 		merimer
/ˈmɛː.ɾɪ.məɾ/

Pronouns

First Second Reflexive
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative ek
/ˈɛk/ 		wier
/ˈwiːɾ/ 		þu
/ˈθuː/ 		jur
/ˈjuːɾ/
Accusative mek
/ˈmɛk/ 		uns
/ˈʊns/ 		þek
/ˈθɛk/ 		irur
/ˈiː.ɾʊɾ/ 		sek
/ˈsɛk/
Genitive min
/ˈmɪn/ 		unser
/ˈʊn.səɾ/ 		þin
/ˈθɪn/ 		irur
/ˈiː.ɾʊɾ/ 		sin
/ˈsɪn/
Dative mir
/ˈmɪɾ/ 		ynser
/ˈʏn.səɾ/ 		þir
/ˈθɪɾ/ 		irur
/ˈiː.ɾʊɾ/ 		sir
/ˈsɪɾ/

Adjectives

Declension of gouder:

Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Strong
Nominative gouder
/ˈgoː.ðəɾ/ 		goudë
/ˈgoː.ðe/ 		goudu
/ˈgoː.ðu/ 		goudor
/ˈgoː.ðɔɾ/ 		gout
/ˈgoːt/ 		goudu
/ˈgoː.ðu/
Accusative goudana
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.nɑ/ 		gouden
/ˈgoː.ðən/ 		gouda
/ˈgoː.ðɑ/ 		goudur
/ˈgoː.ðʊɾ/ 		gout
/ˈgoːt/ 		goudu
/ˈgoː.ðu/
Genitive goudes
/ˈgoː.ðəs/ 		goudëro
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.ɾo/ 		goudërur
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.ɾʊɾ/ 		goudëro
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.ɾo/ 		goudes
/ˈgoː.ðəs/ 		goudëro
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.ɾo/
Dative goudamë
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.me/ 		goudëmer
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.məɾ/ 		goudërui
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.ɾʊj/ 		goudëmer
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.məɾ/ 		goudamë
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.me/ 		goudëmer
/ˈgoː.ðɛ.məɾ/
Weak
Nominative goudo
/ˈgoː.ðo/ 		goudener
/ˈgoː.ðə.nəɾ/ 		gouda
/ˈgoː.ðɑ/ 		goudyner
/ˈgoː.ðʏ.nəɾ/ 		goudo
/ˈgoː.ðo/ 		goudunu
/ˈgoː.ðʊ.nu/
Accusative goudan
/ˈgoː.ðɑn/ 		goudanen
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.nən/ 		goudun
/ˈgoː.ðʊn/ 		goudunen
/ˈgoː.ðʊ.nən/ 		goudo
/ˈgoː.ðo/ 		goudunu
/ˈgoː.ðʊ.nu/
Genitive goudiner
/ˈgoː.ðɪ.nəɾ/ 		goudano
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.no/ 		goudyner
/ˈgoː.ðʏ.nəɾ/ 		gouduno
/ˈgoː.ðʊ.no/ 		goudiner
/ˈgoː.ðɪ.nəɾ/ 		goudano
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.no/
Dative goudin
/ˈgoː.ðɪn/ 		goudamer
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.məɾ/ 		goudyn
/ˈgoː.ðʏn/ 		goudumer
/ˈgoː.ðʊ.məɾ/ 		goudin
/ˈgoː.ðɪn/ 		goudamer
/ˈgoː.ðɑ.məɾ/
Adverb wel
/ˈwel/
Comparative betiro
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾo/
Superlative betister
/ˈbɛː.tɪs.təɾ/

Declension of betiro (comparative of gouder):

Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative betiro
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾo/ 		betirener
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾə.nəɾ/ 		betire
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾə/ 		betiriner
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪ.nəɾ/ 		betiro
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾo/ 		betirunu
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾʊ.nu/
Accusative betiran
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɑn/ 		betiranen
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɑ.nən/ 		betirin
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪn/ 		betirinen
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪ.nən/ 		betiro
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾo/ 		betirunu
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾʊ.nu/
Genitive betiriner
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪ.nəɾ/ 		betirano
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɑ.no/ 		betiriner
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪ.nəɾ/ 		betirino
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪ.no/ 		betiriner
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪ.nəɾ/ 		betirano
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɑ.no/
Dative betirin
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪn/ 		betiramer
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɑ.məɾ/ 		betirin
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪn/ 		betirimer
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪ.məɾ/ 		betirin
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɪn/ 		betiramer
/ˈbɛː.tɪ.ɾɑ.məɾ/
Adverb beter
/ˈbɛː.təɾ/

Verbs

Strong verbs

Strong verbs have four principal parts, and can be split into several conjugational classes based on these principal parts. The principal parts are the infinitive, the first person singular past indicative, the first person plural past indicative, and the past participle. Past subjunctive forms show umlaut.

Class Infinitive 1S Pst. Ind. 1P Pst. Ind. 1S Pst. Subj. Pst. Part.
1 riedan reit reidem reide reidaner
2 liudan lout ludem lyde liudaner
3a meltan malt multem mylte meltaner
3b singan sang sungem synge senganer
4 beran bar bearem beare buraner
5 lekan lak leakem leike lekaner
6 dragan droug drougem dröge draganer
7a fallan fefall fefallem fefelle fallaner
7b teakan tetouk tetoukem tetöke teakander

Class 7 is an interesting class, as it still displays reduplication. Class 7a does not show ablaut (although it can show umlaut), while class 7b shows ea (/aː/) → ou (/oː/).

Conjugation of beran (strong verb, class 4):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present beru
/ˈbɛː.ɾu/ 		berir
/ˈbɛː.ɾɪɾ/ 		beris
/ˈbɛː.ɾɪs/ 		beramer
/ˈbɛː.ɾɑ.məɾ/ 		beret
/ˈbɛː.ɾət/ 		berent
/ˈbɛː.ɾənt/
Past bar
/ˈbɑɾ/ 		bart
/ˈbɑɾt/ 		bar
/ˈbɑɾ/ 		bearem
/ˈbaː.ɾəm/ 		bearet
/ˈbaː.ɾət/ 		bearen
/ˈbaː.ɾən/
Subjunctive Present bera
/ˈbɛː.ɾɑ/ 		berër
/ˈbɛː.ɾɛɾ/ 		berë
/ˈbɛː.ɾe/ 		berëm
/ˈbɛː.ɾɛm/ 		berët
/ˈbɛː.ɾɛt/ 		berën
/ˈbɛː.ɾɛn/
Past beare
/ˈbaː.ɾə/ 		bearir
/ˈbaː.ɾɪɾ/ 		beari
/ˈbaː.ɾi/ 		bearim
/ˈbaː.ɾɪm/ 		bearit
/ˈbaː.ɾɪt/ 		bearin
/ˈbaː.ɾɪn/
Imperative ber
/ˈbeɾ/ 		beret
/ˈbɛː.ɾət/
Infinitive beran
/ˈbɛː.ɾɑn/
Present Participle berander
/ˈbɛː.ɾɑn.dəɾ/
Past Participle buraner
/ˈbuː.ɾɑ.nəɾ/
Gerund berungu
/ˈbɛː.ɾʊŋ.gu/

Weak verbs

Conjugation of hörian (weak verb, class 1):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present höriu
/ˈxøː.ɾju/ 		hörir
/ˈxøː.ɾɪɾ/ 		höris
/ˈxøː.ɾɪs/ 		höriamer
/ˈxøː.ɾjɑ.məɾ/ 		hörit
/ˈxøː.ɾɪt/ 		hörient
/ˈxøː.ɾjənt/
Past hörida
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.ðɑ/ 		hörider
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.ðəɾ/ 		höride
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.ðə/ 		höridedem
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðəm/ 		höridedet
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðət/ 		hörideden
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðən/
Subjunctive Present höria
/ˈxøː.ɾjɑ/ 		höriër
/ˈxøː.ɾjɛɾ/ 		hörië
/ˈxøː.ɾje/ 		höriëm
/ˈxøː.ɾjɛm/ 		höriët
/ˈxøː.ɾjɛt/ 		höriën
/ˈxøː.ɾjɛn/
Past höridede
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðə/ 		höridedir
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðɪɾ/ 		höridedi
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ði/ 		höridedim
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðɪm/ 		höridedit
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðɪt/ 		höridedin
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.də.ðɪn/
Imperative höri
/ˈxøː.ɾi/ 		hörit
/ˈxøː.ɾət/
Infinitive hörian
/ˈxøː.ɾjɑn/
Present Participle höriander
/ˈxøː.ɾjɑn.dəɾ/
Past Participle hörider
/ˈxøː.ɾɪ.ðəɾ/
Gerund höriungu
/ˈxøː.ɾjʊŋ.gu/

Conjugation of puton (weak verb, class 2):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present puto
/ˈpuː.to/ 		putör
/ˈpuː.tœɾ/ 		putös
/ˈpuː.tœs/ 		putomer
/ˈpuː.tɔ.məɾ/ 		putot
/ˈpuː.tɔt/ 		putönt
/ˈpuː.tœnt/
Past putoda
/ˈpuː.tɔ.ðɑ/ 		putoder
/ˈpuː.tɔ.ðəɾ/ 		putode
/ˈpuː.tɔ.ðə/ 		putodedem
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðəm/ 		putodedet
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðət/ 		putodeden
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðən/
Subjunctive Present puto
/ˈpuː.to/ 		putor
/ˈpuː.tɔɾ/ 		puto
/ˈpuː.to/ 		putom
/ˈpuː.tɔm/ 		putot
/ˈpuː.tɔt/ 		puton
/ˈpuː.tɔn/
Past putodede
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðə/ 		putodedir
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðɪɾ/ 		putodedi
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ði/ 		putodedim
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðɪm/ 		putodedit
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðɪt/ 		putodedin
/ˈpuː.tɔ.də.ðɪn/
Imperative puto
/ˈpuː.to/ 		putot
/ˈpuː.tɔt/
Infinitive puton
/ˈpuː.tɔn/
Present Participle putonder
/ˈpuː.tɔn.dəɾ/
Past Participle putoder
/ˈpuː.tɔ.ðəɾ/
Gerund putongu
/ˈpuː.tɔŋ.gu/

Conjugation of haban (weak verb, class 3):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present habu
/ˈxɑː.βu/ 		haber
/ˈxɑː.βəɾ/ 		habes
/ˈxɑː.βəs/ 		habamer
/ˈxɑː.βɑ.məɾ/ 		habet
/ˈxɑː.βət/ 		habent
/ˈxɑː.βənt/
Past habda
/ˈxɑb.dɑ/ 		habder
/ˈxɑb.dəɾ/ 		habde
/ˈxɑb.də/ 		habdedem
/ˈxɑb.də.ðəm/ 		habdedet
/ˈxɑb.də.ðət/ 		habdeden
/ˈxɑb.də.ðən/
Subjunctive Present haba
/ˈxɑː.βɑ/ 		habër
/ˈxɑː.βɛɾ/ 		habë
/ˈxɑː.βe/ 		habëm
/ˈxɑː.βɛm/ 		habët
/ˈxɑː.βɛt/ 		habën
/ˈxɑː.βɛn/
Past habdede
/ˈxɑb.də.ðə/ 		habdedir
/ˈxɑb.də.ðɪɾ/ 		habdedi
/ˈxɑb.də.ði/ 		habdedim
/ˈxɑb.də.ðɪm/ 		habdedit
/ˈxɑb.də.ðɪt/ 		habdedin
/ˈxɑb.də.ðɪn/
Imperative habe
/ˈxɑː.βə/ 		habet
/ˈxɑː.βət/
Infinitive haban
/ˈxɑː.βɑn/
Present Participle habander
/ˈxɑː.βɑn.dəɾ/
Past Participle habder
/ˈxɑb.dəɾ/
Gerund habungu
/ˈxɑː.βʊŋ.gu/

Irregular verbs

Conjugation of wesan (highly irregular):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present im
/ˈɪm/ 		ir
/ˈɪɾ/ 		is
/ˈɪs/ 		irumer
/ˈiː.ɾʊ.məɾ/ 		irut
/ˈiː.ɾʊt/ 		sint
/ˈsɪnt/
Past was
/ˈwɑs/ 		wast
/ˈwɑst/ 		was
/ˈwɑs/ 		wearem
/ˈwaː.ɾəm/ 		wearet
/ˈwaː.ɾət/ 		wearen
/ˈwaː.ɾən/
Subjunctive Present sia
/ˈsjɑː/ 		siar
/ˈsjɑɾ/ 		sie
/ˈsiː/ 		siem
/ˈsiːm/ 		siet
/ˈsiːt/ 		sien
/ˈsiːn/
Past weare
/ˈwaː.ɾə/ 		wearir
/ˈwaː.ɾɪɾ/ 		weari
/ˈwaː.ɾi/ 		wearim
/ˈwaː.ɾɪm/ 		wearit
/ˈwaː.ɾɪt/ 		wearin
/ˈwaː.ɾɪn/
Imperative wes
/ˈwes/ 		weset
/ˈwɛː.sət/
Infinitive wesan
/ˈwɛː.sɑn/
Present Participle wesander
/ˈwɛː.sɑn.dəɾ/
Past Participle wearaner
/ˈwaː.ɾɑ.nəɾ/
Gerund wesungu
/ˈwɛː.sʊŋ.gu/

Conjugation of stean (irregular):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present stou
/ˈstoː/ 		steir
/ˈsteːɾ/ 		steis
/ˈsteːs/ 		steamer
/ˈstaː.məɾ/ 		steit
/ˈsteːt/ 		stent
/ˈstɛnt/
Past stouþ
/ˈstoːθ/ 		stoust
/ˈstoːst/ 		stouþ
/ˈstoːθ/ 		stoudem
/ˈstoː.ðəm/ 		stoudet
/ˈstoː.ðət/ 		stouden
/ˈstoː.ðən/
Subjunctive Present stau
/ˈstaw/ 		steir
/ˈsteːɾ/ 		stei
/ˈsteː/ 		steim
/ˈsteːm/ 		steit
/ˈsteːt/ 		stein
/ˈsteːn/
Past stöde
/ˈstøː.ðə/ 		stödir
/ˈstøː.ðɪɾ/ 		stödi
/ˈstøː.ði/ 		stödim
/ˈstøː.ðɪm/ 		stödit
/ˈstøː.ðɪt/ 		stödin
/ˈstøː.ðɪn/
Imperative stei
/ˈsteː/ 		steit
/ˈsteːt/
Infinitive stean
/ˈstaːn/
Present Participle steander
/ˈstaːn.dəɾ/
Past Participle stadaner
/ˈstɑː.dɑ.nəɾ/
Gerund steangu
/ˈstaːŋ.gu/

Conjugation of gean (irregular):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present gou
/ˈgoː/ 		geir
/ˈgeːɾ/ 		geis
/ˈgeːs/ 		geamer
/ˈgaː.məɾ/ 		geit
/ˈgeːt/ 		gent
/ˈgɛnt/
Past ija
/ˈiː.jɑ/ 		ijer
/ˈiː.jəɾ/ 		ije
/ˈiː.jə/ 		idem
/ˈiː.ðəm/ 		idet
/ˈiː.ðət/ 		iden
/ˈiː.ðən/
Subjunctive Present gau
/ˈgaw/ 		geir
/ˈgeːɾ/ 		gei
/ˈgeː/ 		geim
/ˈgeːm/ 		geit
/ˈgeːt/ 		gein
/ˈgeːn/
Past ide
/ˈiː.ðə/ 		idir
/ˈiː.ðɪɾ/ 		idi
/ˈiː.ði/ 		idim
/ˈiː.ðɪm/ 		idit
/ˈiː.ðɪt/ 		idin
/ˈiː.ðɪn/
Imperative gei
/ˈgeː/ 		geit
/ˈgeːt/
Infinitive gean
/ˈgaːn/
Present Participle geander
/ˈgaːn.dəɾ/
Past Participle geaner
/ˈgaː.nəɾ/
Gerund geangu
/ˈgaːŋ.gu/

Conjugation of doun (irregular):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present döm
/ˈdøːm/ 		dör
/ˈdøːɾ/ 		dös
/ˈdøːs/ 		doumer
/ˈdoː.məɾ/ 		dout
/ˈdoːt/ 		dönt
/ˈdønt/
Past deda
/ˈdɛː.ðɑ/ 		deder
/ˈdɛː.ðəɾ/ 		dede
/ˈdɛː.ðə/ 		dedem
/ˈdɛː.ðəm/ 		dedet
/ˈdɛː.ðət/ 		deden
/ˈdɛː.ðən/
Subjunctive Present doa
/ˈdɔː/ 		dour
/ˈdoːɾ/ 		dou
/ˈdoː/ 		doum
/ˈdoːm/ 		dout
/ˈdoːt/ 		doun
/ˈdoːn/
Past dede
/ˈdɛː.ðə/ 		dedir
/ˈdɛː.ðɪɾ/ 		dedi
/ˈdɛː.ði/ 		dedim
/ˈdɛː.ðɪm/ 		dedit
/ˈdɛː.ðɪt/ 		dedin
/ˈdɛː.ðɪn/
Imperative dou
/ˈdoː/ 		dout
/ˈdoːt/
Infinitive doun
/ˈgaːn/
Present Participle dounder
/ˈdoːn.dəɾ/
Past Participle douner
/ˈdoː.nəɾ/
Gerund doungu
/ˈdoːŋ.gu/

Conjugation of witan (preterite-present verb):

Singular Plural
First Second Third First Second Third
Indicative Present weit
/ˈweːt/ 		weist
/ˈweːst/ 		weit
/ˈweːt/ 		witem
/ˈwiː.təm/ 		witet
/ˈwiː.tət/ 		witen
/ˈwiː.tən/
Past wissa
/ˈwɪs.sɑ/ 		wisser
/ˈwɪs.səɾ/ 		wisse
/ˈwɪs.sə/ 		wissedem
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðəm/ 		wissedet
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðət/ 		wisseden
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðən/
Subjunctive Present wite
/ˈwiː.tə/ 		witir
/ˈwiː.tɪɾ/ 		witi
/ˈwiː.ti/ 		witim
/ˈwiː.tɪm/ 		witit
/ˈwiː.tɪt/ 		witin
/ˈwiː.tɪn/
Past wissede
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðə/ 		wissedir
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðɪɾ/ 		wissedi
/ˈwɪs.sə.ði/ 		wissedim
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðɪm/ 		wissedit
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðɪt/ 		wissedin
/ˈwɪs.sə.ðɪn/
Imperative
Infinitive witan
/ˈwiː.tɑn/
Present Participle witander
/ˈwiː.tɑn.dəɾ/
Past Participle wisser
/ˈwɪs.səɾ/
Gerund witungu
/ˈwiː.tʊŋ.gu/

See also

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