Language scratchpad/Altlangs/Donsilan languages

For details on the Donsilan languages not derived from real-life languages, see Language scratchpad/Donsilan languages.

This subarticle lists the Donsilan languages derived, directly or indirectly, from real-life languages.

Unnamed language

As-yet unnamed, this language is derived from the Indo-European languages.

Disclaimer: This is not a proper reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE), but rather a conlang derived from PIE.

Phonology

Under some circumstances, the laryngeals h₂ and h₃ are preserved. The former is retained as /x/ (<h>), while the latter merges with /g/ word-finally and before a consonant, and becomes /v/ word-initially and next to h₁.

Outcome of Proto-Indo-European consonants:

PIE	Phoneme	Symbol
*p	p	P
*t	t, c ([t͡s])	T
*ḱ	þ ([θ]), č ([t͡ɕ])	Þ
*k	k, č ([t͡ɕ])	K
*kʷ	k	Q
*b	b	B
*d	d, z	D
*ǵ	ð, ž ([ʑ])	Ð
*g	g, ž ([ʑ])	G
*gʷ	g	C
*bʰ	f-, -v-	F
*dʰ	þ-, -ð-, c- ([t͡s]), -z-	Z
*ǵʰ	þ-, -ð-, č- ([t͡ɕ]), -ž- ([ʑ])	Ž
*gʰ	h- ([x]), -g-, č- ([t͡ɕ]), -ž- ([ʑ])	X
*gʷʰ	b-, -g-	W
*s	s, h ([x]), š ([ɕ])	S
*m	m	M
*n	n, [ɲ]	N
*l	l, [ʎ]	L
*r	r	R
*h₁	Ø, e	E
*h₂	Ø, h ([x]), a	H
*h₃	Ø, v-, g, o	V
*j	j	I
*w	w	U

Vowels and diphthongs

The language has a simple five-vowel system (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/), and each vowel may either be short or long. All non-high vowels (/a/, /e/, /o/) form diphthongs with both /j/ and /w/ (giving /ai̯/, /ei̯/, /oi̯/, /au̯/, /eu̯/, /ou̯/) and occur in short and long variants. In addition, there are two diphthongs /iu̯/ and /ui̯/, which only have short variants.

Consonants

The language has the following consonants:

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m			n	ɲ	(ŋ)
Stop	p b			t d		k g
Fricative		f v	θ ð			x (ɣ)
Sib. Fricative				s z	ɕ ʑ
Sib. Affricate				t͡s (d͡z)	t͡ɕ (d͡ʑ)
Approximant					j	w
Lateral			l		ʎ
Trill			r

The phoneme /r/ may either be realised as a trill ([r]) or a simple tap ([ɾ]).
[ŋ] is an allophone of /m/ and /n/ before velar consonants.
[ɣ] is an intervocalic allophone of /g/.
[d͡z] occurs in free variation with [z], with both representing /z/.
[d͡ʑ] occurs in free variation with [ʑ], with both representing /ʑ/.

Writing system

The writing system used is an abugida that preserves the consonantal root nature of the language. Consonants have separate symbols (transliterated as uppercase letters), while the vowels /a/, /e/ and /o/ are denoted using diacritics (transliterated as <a>, <e> and <o>). "Hiatus" has its own symbol, transliterated as <'>. Long vowels can be denoted by adding the corresponding consonant letter (<H> for /a/, <E> for /e/, <V> for /o/, for /i/, for /u/), but /aː/, /eː/ and /oː/ also have their own dedicated diacritics. Note that the phonetic transcription used in this article does not accurately represent the writing system (e.g. <S> normally represents /s/, but before a vowel, it represents /x/ after <R>, and , and /ɕ/ after <K>, <Q>, <Þ>, <Ð>, <G>, <C>, <Ž>, <X> and <W>).

The writing system has 25 letters in common use, listed in the correspondence table above. They, as well as additional archaic letters, are arranged below:

	Labial	Dental	Dento-labial	Palatal	Velar	Labiovelar	Uvular
Tenuis	P /p/ /p/	T /t/ /t/	(Ṫ) /tʷ/ /tw/	Þ /kʲ/ /θ/	K /k/ /k/	Q /kʷ/ /k/	(Ķ) /q/ /k/
Mediae	B /pˤ/ /b/	D /tˁ/ /d/	(Ḋ) /tˤʷ/ /dw/	Ð /kˤʲ/ /ð/	G /kˤ/ /g/	C /kˤʷ/ /g/	(Ģ) /qˤ/ /g/
Breathy	F /bʱ/ /f~v/	Z /dʱ/ /θ~ð/	(Ż) /dʷʱ/ /θw~ðw/	Ž /gʲʱ/ /θ~ð/	X /gʱ/ /x~ɣ/	W /gʷʱ/ /x~ɣ/	(Ẃ) /ɢʱ/ /x~ɣ/
Sibilant				(Š) /ɕ/ /s/	S /s/ /s/	(Ŝ) /ʃʷ/ /sw/
Fricative	(O) /ɸ~β/ //	(J) /θ~ð/ //	(Y) /θʷ~ðʷ/ /w/	E /ç~ʝ/ /ʔ/	H /x~ɣ/ /x/	V /xʷ~ɣʷ/ /v/	(Ħ) /χ~ʁ/ /x/
Nasal	M /m/ /m/	N /n/ /n/	(Ṅ) /nʷ/ /nw/	(Ñ) /ɲ/ /ɲ/	(Ḡ) /ŋ/ /ŋ/	(Ġ) /ŋʷ/ /ŋ/	(Ņ) /ɴ/ /ŋ/
Lateral		L /l/ /l/	(Ḷ) /lʷ/ /lw/	(Ľ) /ʎ/ /ʎ/
Approximant	(Ŵ) /β/ /β~w/	R /ɾ~r~ɹ/ /ɾ~r~ɹ/	(Ṙ) /ɾʷ~rʷ~ɹʷ/ /ɾw~rw~ɹw/	I /j/ /j/	(A) /ɰ/ /ɰ/	U /w/ /w/	(Ŗ) /ʁ/ /ɰ/

The 48 letters listed above come from another Donsilan language; this language only uses 25 of those letters (although very old texts may use the additional sibilants, the dento-labial stops and the uvular stops). The sibilants, despite being pronounced in a coronal position, are classed as dorsal consonants for historical reasons.

The order of the 25 letters is as follows:

EHVPBFMTDZNÞÐŽKGXQCWSLRIU

The hiatus symbol cannot occur word-initially, but in collation it is sorted before <E>

Vowels are ordered as follows:

zero, e, ē, o, ō, a, ā

Transliteration examples

Note that these are straight transliterations; they are not modified to fit the language's grammar, and are only here to demonstrate the structure of the writing system.

The following is a straight transliteration of Schleicher's fable:

HoUIS EeÞUo'eS-Qe

HeUeI EIoSMeI HULENeH Ne EeST, So EeÞUoMS DeRÞT. So CREUM UoŽoM UeŽeD; So MeÐHM FoRoM; So ZŽeMoNM HōÞU FeReD. HoUIS EeÞUoIFIoS UeUKeD: "ZŽeMoNM SPeÞIoH EeÞUoMS-Qe HeÐeTI, ÞēR MoI HaXNUToR". EeÞUo'eS TU UeUKoND: "ÞLUZI, HoUeI! ToD SPeÞIoMeS, NSMeI HaXNUToR ÞēR: ZŽeMō, PoTIS, Sē HeUIeS HULENeH WeRMoM UeSTRoM UePT, HeUIFIoS TU HULENeH Ne EeSTI". ToD ÞeÞLUUōS HoUIS HeÐRoM FUGeD.

Without vowels:

HUIS EÞU'S-Q

HUI EISMI HULENH N EST, S EÞUMS DRÞT. S CREUM UŽM UŽD; S MÐHM FRM; S ZŽMNM HVÞU FRD. HUIS EÞUIFIS UUKD: "ZŽMNM SPÞIH EÞUMS-Q HÐTI, ÞER MI HXNUTR". EÞU'S TU UUKND: "ÞLUZI, HUI! TD SPÞIMS, NSMI HXNUTR ÞER: ZŽMV, PTIS, SE HUIS HULENH WRMM USTRM UPT, HUIFIS TU HULENH N ESTI". TD ÞÞLUUVS HUIS HÐRM FUGD.

Transcribed:

Owis Eþwois-ke

Awei ejosmei hulenah ne est, so eþwons derþt. So gurum woðom weðed; so meðam forom; so čemonum ōþu fered. Owis eþwoivjos weuked: "Čemonum spečoh eþwons-ke aðedi, þēr moi agnutor". Eþwois tu weukond: "Þluði, owei! Tod spečomes, unsmei agnutor þēr: čemō, potis, sē aujes hulenah bermom westrom wept, awivjos tu hulenah ne esti". Tod þeþlowōs owis aðrom fuged.

The following is a straight transliteration of The king and the god:

VRēÐS DeIUoS-Qe

VRēÐS EeST; So NPUTLoS. VRēÐS SUVNUM ULNETo. ToSIo ŽeUToRM PRēÞST: "SUVNUS MoI ÐNEIeTōD!" ŽeUTōR ToM VRēÐM UeUKeD: "EIaÐeSUo DeIUoM UeRUNoM". UPo VRēÐS DeIUoM UeRUNoM SeSoLe NU DeIUoM EIaÐeTo. "ÞLUZI MoI, PHTeR UeRUNe!" DeIUoS UeRUNoS DIUeS KMTa CeHT. "QID UēLESI?" "SUVNUM UēLEMI." "ToD EeSTU", UeUKeD LeUKoS DeIUoS UeRUNoS. NU VReÐS PoTNIH SUVNUM ÐeÐoNEe.

Without vowels:

VREÐS DIUS-Q

VREÐS EST; S NPUTLS. VREÐS SUVNUM ULNET. TSI ŽUTRM PREÞST: "SUVNUS MI ÐNEITVD!" ŽUTVR TM VREÐM UUKD: "EIÐSU DIUM URUNM". UP VREÐS DIUM URUNM SSL NU DIUM EIÐT. "ÞLUZI MI, PHTR URUN!" DIUS URUNS DIUS KMT CHT. "QID UELESI?" "SUVNUM UELEMI." "TD ESTU", UUKD LUKS DIUS URUNS. NU VRÐS PTNIH SUVNUM ÐÐNE.

Transcribed:

Orēks deiwos-ke

Orēks est; so umputlos. Orēks sūnum ulneto. Tošo þeutorum prēkšt: "Sūnus moi ðnejetōd!" Þeutōr tom orēðum weuked: "Ejaðeswo deiwom Werunom". Upo orēks deiwom Werunom sesole nu deiwom ejaðeto. "Þluði moi, pater Werune!" Deiwos Werunos diwes kunta gāt. "Kid wēlesi?" "Sūnum wēlemi." "Tod estu", weuked leukos deiwos Werunos. Nu oreks potnih sūnum ðeðone.

Nouns

In general, nouns decline for nine cases and three numbers.

The declension of thematic stems (o-stems and ā-stems) are fairly simple, but athematic stems have considerably more complex declension, often involving ablaut. In general, athematic stems have four principal parts:

Nominative singular
Genitive singular
Locative singular
Nominative plural

The nominative plural represents the ablaut grade of the strong cases (nominative, vocative, accusative), while the genitive singular represents the ablaut grade of the weak cases (genitive, ablative, dative, locative, instrumental, allative). The locative singular typically takes the ablaut of the weak cases, but some nouns have it take the ablaut grade of the strong cases, or a unique ablaut grade. The ablaut grade of the nominative singular is typically identical to that of its corresponding plural; however, some nouns show a lengthened grade in the singular, representing Szemerényi's law or analogical changes. Note that for neuter nouns, the vocative and accusative are always identical to their corresponding nominative forms.

The declensional classes are as follows:

o-stem (thematic, end in -os (common) or -om (neuter) in nom. sg.)
ā-stem (thematic, end in -ah (common) in nom. sg.)
i-stem (athematic, end in -is (common) or -i (neuter) in nom. sg.)
u-stem (athematic, end in -us (common) or -u (neuter) in nom. sg.)
n-stem (athematic, end in -ō (common) or -n (neuter) in nom. sg.)
r-stem (athematic, end in -r (common) in nom. sg.)
s-stem (athematic, end in -s in nom. sg.)
h-stem (athematic, end in -a (common) in nom. sg.)
heteroclitic stem (athematic, end in -r/-l in nom. sg.)
consonant stem (athematic, end in -s (common) or - (neuter) in nom. sg.)

The endings listed above do not apply to all nouns within a class (although the thematic stems are fully regular). The h-derivative declensions (ā-stem and h-stem, as well as h-derivative versions of the i-stem and u-stem classes) do not have a nominative singular ending, with the effect that most end in -h or -a (the typical realisations of word-final <H>), instead of -s.

The following table lists the possible ablaut paradigms:

Type	Example	Nom. Sg.	Gen. Sg.	Loc. Sg.	Nom. Pl.
Polysyllabic stems
Acrostatic (normal)	N-Q-T "night" f	o-Ø-Ø nokts NoQTS	e-Ø-Ø nekts NeQTS	e-Ø-Ø nekti NeQTI	o-Ø-Ø noktes NoQTeS
Acrostatic (lengthened)	M-E-NS "month" m	ē-Ø-Ø mēns MēENSS	e-Ø-Ø mēnsos MeENSoS¹	e-Ø-Ø mēnsi MeENSI	ē-Ø-Ø mēnses MēENSeS
Proterokinetic (normal)²	M-NT-I "thought" f	e-Ø-Ø mentis MeNTIS	Ø-e-Ø munteis MNTeIS	Ø-e-Ø muntei MNTeII	e-Ø-Ø menteis MeNTeIeS³
Proterokinetic (old acrostatic)²	D-R-U "tree" n	o-Ø-Ø doru DoRU	Ø-e-Ø dreus DReUS	Ø-e-Ø drewi DReUI	o-Ø-Ø doruh DoRUH
Hysterokinetic	PH-T-R "father" m	Ø-e-Ø patēr PHTeRS⁴	Ø-Ø-e patres PHTReS	Ø-e-Ø pateri PHTeRI	Ø-e-Ø pateres PHTeReS
Holokinetic	L-IM-N "lake" m	e-o-Ø leimō LeIMoNS⁴	Ø-Ø-e limnes LIMNeS	Ø-e-Ø limeni LIMeNI	e-o-Ø leimones LeIMoNeS
Root stems
Acrostatic (normal)	D-M "house" f	o-Ø dōm DoMS⁴	e-Ø dems DeMS	e-Ø demi DeMI	o-Ø domes DoMeS
Acrostatic (lengthened)	M-MS "meat" n	ē-Ø mēms MēMS	e-Ø memsos MeMSoS¹	e-Ø memsi MeMSI	ē-Ø mēmsa MēMSH
Amphikinetic	UR-HD "root" f	e-Ø vrāds UReHDS	Ø-e urades URHDeS	e-Ø vrādi UReHDI	e-Ø vrādes UReHDeS

¹ The /o/ is epenthetic. It may be replaced with /e/, or omitted entirely.

² For i-stems and u-stems, the /e/ in the suffix is dropped in the weak cases if the ending begins with (but not consists entirely of) a consonant or consists of a single laryngeal. For other athematic classes, it is the /e/ in the ending (if it exists) that is dropped (this /e/ is also dropped in the dative singular).

³ The /e/ in the ending is the result of Sievers' law, which dictates that /e/ is inserted before an if it is itself preceded by a consonant cluster and followed by a vowel. This /e/ has been generalised to the u-stems, giving -ewes (-eUeS) instead of the expected *-wes (*-UeS), as well as the other i-stems.

⁴ This form shows the effect of Szemerényi's law.

There is one ablaut paradigm not listed above that is represented by a handful of words. This ablaut paradigm is the hysterodynamic paradigm (or keššar-type, after the Hittite word), and is only found in a few nominals and a single nominal class:

þwegatar (ZUeGHTRS, "daughter", feminine)
þesar (ŽeSRS, "hand", feminine)
era (EeRH, "border", feminine)
meðas (MeÐHS, "large", masculine adjective)
h-derivative u-stems (typically feminine)

This class resembles the holokinetic inflection, except that there are two strong patterns: e-Ø-Ø for the nominative (and vocative), and Ø-e-Ø for the accusative (not including the dual). The accusative singular forms of the words listed above are:

þugaterum (ZUGHTeRM)
þserum (ŽSeRM)
erām (EReHM)
unðām (MÐeHM)

General endings

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-s -S	-o/-g -V	-es -eS
Vocative	- -	-o/-g -V	-es -eS
Accusative	-m -M	-e -E	-ns -MS
Genitive	-s -S	-ous -VoUS	-ōm -oEoM
Ablative	-d -D	-mām -MeHM	-mos -MoS
Dative	-ei -eI	-vām -FeHM	-vos -FoS
Locative	-i -I	-ousu -VoUSU	-su -SU
Instrumental	-e -E	-vim -FIM	-vis -FIS
Allative	-o/-g -V	-mim -MIM	-mis -MIS

Note that the locative dual retains /s/ after /u/; this is because it is derived from the genitive dual, which does retain /s/ as it is in a word-final position.

The neuter endings for the nominative, vocative and accusative are as follows:

Singular	Dual	Plural
- -	-ī -IE	-a/-h -H

Collectives (which take neuter singular agreement) have a special ending -a (-H) in the nominative, vocative and accusative, but otherwise take normal endings. They do not have dual and plural forms, as they are a class of mass nouns.

o-stems

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-os -oS	-og -oV	-ois -o'eS
Vocative	-e -e	-og -oV	-ois -o'eS
Accusative	-om -oM	-ō -oE	-ons -oMS
Genitive	-ošo -oSIo	-ōus -oVoUS	-ōm -o'oEoM
Ablative	-ōd -oHeD	-omām -oMeHM	-omos -oMoS
Dative	-ōi -o'eI	-ovām -oFeHM	-ovos -oFoS
Locative	-ei -eI	-ōusu -oVoUSU	-oihu -oISU
Instrumental	-ō -oE	-ovim -oFIM	-ovis -oFIS
Allative	-og -oV	-omim -oMIM	-omis -oMIS

Neuter declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-om -oM	-oi -oIE	-ah -eH
Vocative	-om -oM	-oi -oIE	-ah -eH
Accusative	-om -oM	-oi -oIE	-ah -eH
Genitive	-ošo -oSIo	-ōus -oVoUS	-ōm -o'oEoM
Ablative	-ōd -oHeD	-omām -oMeHM	-omos -oMoS
Dative	-ōi -o'eI	-ovām -oFeHM	-ovos -oFoS
Locative	-ei -eI	-ōusu -oVoUSU	-oihu -oISU
Instrumental	-ō -oE	-ovim -oFIM	-ovis -oFIS
Allative	-og -oV	-omim -oMIM	-omis -oMIS

ā-stems

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ah -eH	-age -eHVe	-ās -eHeS
Vocative	-oi -oIH	-age -eHVe	-ās -eHeS
Accusative	-ām -eHM	-ahe -eHEe	-āns -eHMS
Genitive	-ojās -oIeHeS	-oigous -oIHVoUS	-ojōm -oIHoEoM
Ablative	-ojād -oIeHeD	-ojamām -oIHMeHM	-ojamos -oIHMoS
Dative	-ojāi -oIeHeI	-ojavām -oIHFeHM	-ojavos -oIHFoS
Locative	-ojai -oIeHI	-oigousu -oIHVoUSU	-ojasu -oIHSU
Instrumental	-oihe -oIHEe	-ojavim -oIHFIM	-ojavis -oIHFIS
Allative	-oig -oIHV	-ojamim -oIHMIM	-ojamis -oIHMIS

Historically, there were two varieties of ā-stems; however, they have merged. They were distinguished in how they formed their oblique case forms:

Class 1: -eH- (-ā-)
Class 2: -oIeH- (-ojā-), -oIH- (-oj(a)-)

The second class also had a vocative in -oi (-oIH), as opposed to the class 1 -a (-eH). The original class 1 can still be seen in the h-derivative i-stem declension.

i-stems

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-is -IS	-ig -IV	-eis -eIeS
Vocative	-i -I	-ig -IV	-eis -eIeS
Accusative	-im -IM	-ī -IE	-ins -IMS
Genitive	-eis -eIS	-ejous -eIVoUS	-ejōm -eIoEoM
Ablative	-eid -eID	-imām -IMeHM	-imos -IMoS
Dative	-ēi -eIeI	-ivām -IFeHM	-ivos -IFoS
Locative	-ei -eII	-ejousu -eIVoUSU	-ihu -ISU
Instrumental	-ī -IE	-ivim -IFIM	-ivis -IFIS
Allative	-ig -IV	-imim -IMIM	-imis -IMIS

Neuter declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-i -I	-ī -IIE	-ih -IH
Vocative	-i -I	-ī -IIE	-ih -IH
Accusative	-i -I	-ī -IIE	-ih -IH
Genitive	-eis -eIS	-ejous -eIVoUS	-ejōm -eIoEoM
Ablative	-eid -eID	-imām -IMeHM	-imos -IMoS
Dative	-ēi -eIeI	-ivām -IFeHM	-ivos -IFoS
Locative	-ei -eII	-ejousu -eIVoUSU	-ihu -ISU
Instrumental	-ī -IE	-ivim -IFIM	-ivis -IFIS
Allative	-ig -IV	-imim -IMIM	-imis -IMIS

H-derivative declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ih -IH	-ige -IHVe	-īs -IHeS
Vocative	-i -IH	-ige -IHVe	-īs -IHeS
Accusative	-īm -IHM	-ihe -IHEe	-īns -IHMS
Genitive	-(e)jās -(e)IeHS	-(e)jagous -(e)IeHVoUS	-(e)jōm -(e)IeHoEoM
Ablative	-(e)jād -(e)IeHD	-(e)jāmām -(e)IeHMeHM	-(e)jāmos -(e)IeHMoS
Dative	-(e)jāi -(e)IeHeI	-(e)jāvām -(e)IeHFeHM	-(e)jāvos -(e)IeHFoS
Locative	-(e)jai -(e)IeHI	-(e)jagousu -(e)IeHVoUSU	-(e)jāsu -(e)IeHSU
Instrumental	-(e)jahe -(e)IeHEe	-(e)jāvim -(e)IeHFIM	-(e)jāvis -(e)IeHFIS
Allative	-(e)jāg -(e)IeHV	-(e)jāmim -(e)IeHMIM	-(e)jāmis -(e)IeHMIS

u-stems

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-us -US	-ug -UV	-ewes -eUeS
Vocative	-u -U	-ug -UV	-ewes -eUeS
Accusative	-um -UM	-ū -UE	-uns -UMS
Genitive	-eus -eUS	-ewous -eUVoUS	-ewōm -eUoEoM
Ablative	-eud -eUD	-umām -UMeHM	-umos -UMoS
Dative	-ewei -eUeI	-uvām -UFeHM	-uvos -UFoS
Locative	-ewi -eUI	-ewousu -eUVoUSU	-uhu -USU
Instrumental	-ū -UE	-uvim -UFIM	-uvis -UFIS
Allative	-ug -UV	-umim -UMIM	-umis -UMIS

Neuter declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-u -U	-(o)wī -(o)UIE	-ū -UH
Vocative	-u -U	-(o)wī -(o)UIE	-ū -UH
Accusative	-u -U	-(o)wī -(o)UIE	-ū -UH
Genitive	-eus -eUS	-ewous -eUVoUS	-ewōm -eUoEoM
Ablative	-eud -eUD	-umām -UMeHM	-umos -UMoS
Dative	-ewei -eUeI	-uvām -UFeHM	-uvos -UFoS
Locative	-ewi -eUI	-ewousu -eUVoUSU	-uhu -USU
Instrumental	-ū -UE	-uvim -UFIM	-uvis -UFIS
Allative	-ug -UV	-umim -UMIM	-umis -UMIS

H-derivative declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-uh -UH	-uge -UHVe	-owis -UHeS
Vocative	-u -UH	-uge -UHVe	-owis -UHeS
Accusative	-(o)wām -UeHM	-uhe -UHEe	-(o)wāns -UeHMS
Genitive	-ūs -UHS	-ugous -UHVoUS	-owōm -UHoEoM
Ablative	-ūd -UHD	-ūmām -UHMeHM	-ūmos -UHMoS
Dative	-owei -UHeI	-ūvām -UHFeHM	-ūvos -UHFoS
Locative	-owi -UHI	-ugousu -UHVoUSU	-ūsu -UHSU
Instrumental	-uhe -UHEe	-ūvim -UHFIM	-ūvis -UHFIS
Allative	-ūg -UHV	-ūmim -UHMIM	-ūmis -UHMIS

n-stems

Amphikinetic declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ō -oNS	-ono -oNVe	-ones -oNeS
Vocative	-on -oN	-ono -oNVe	-ones -oNeS
Accusative	-onum -oNM	-one -oNEe	-onuns -oNMS
Genitive	-nes -NeS	-nous -NVoUS	-nōm -NoEoM
Ablative	-ned -NeD	-ummām -NMeHM	-ummos -NMoS
Dative	-nei -NeI	-umvām -NFeHM	-umvos -NFoS
Locative	-eni -eNI	-nousu -NVoUSU	-unhu -NSU
Instrumental	-nē -NeE	-umvim -NFIM	-umvis -NFIS
Allative	-neg -NeV	-ummim -NMIM	-ummis -NMIS

Amphikinetic neuter declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-on -oN	-onī -oNIE	-ō -oNH
Vocative	-on -oN	-onī -oNIE	-ō -oNH
Accusative	-on -oN	-onī -oNIE	-ō -oNH
Genitive	-nes -NeS	-nous -NVoUS	-nōm -NoEoM
Ablative	-ned -NeD	-ummām -NMeHM	-ummos -NMoS
Dative	-nei -NeI	-umvām -NFeHM	-umvos -NFoS
Locative	-eni -eNI	-nousu -NVoUSU	-unhu -NSU
Instrumental	-nē -NeE	-umvim -NFIM	-umvis -NFIS
Allative	-neg -NeV	-ummim -NMIM	-ummis -NMIS

Hysterokinetic declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-ēn -ēNS	-ēno -ēNVe	-ēnes -ēNeS
Vocative	-ēn -ēN	-ēno -ēNVe	-ēnes -ēNeS
Accusative	-ēnum -ēNM	-ēne -ēNEe	-ēnuns -ēNMS
Genitive	-nes -NeS	-nous -NVoUS	-nōm -NoEoM
Ablative	-ned -NeD	-ummām -NMeHM	-ummos -NMoS
Dative	-nei -NeI	-umvām -NFeHM	-umvos -NFoS
Locative	-ēni -ēNI	-nousu -NVoUSU	-unhu -NSU
Instrumental	-nē -NeE	-umvim -NFIM	-umvis -NFIS
Allative	-neg -NeV	-ummim -NMIM	-ummis -NMIS

Proterokinetic neuter declension:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-un -N	-nī -NIE	-ō -oNH
Vocative	-un -N	-nī -NIE	-ō -oNH
Accusative	-un -N	-nī -NIE	-ō -oNH
Genitive	-ens -eNS	-enous -eNVoUS	-enōm -eNoEoM
Ablative	-end -eND	-emmām -eNMeHM	-emmos -eNMoS
Dative	-enei -eNeI	-emvām -eNFeHM	-emvos -eNFoS
Locative	-eni -eNI	-enousu -eNVoUSU	-enhu -eNSU
Instrumental	-ene -eNE	-emvim -eNFIM	-emvis -eNFIS
Allative	-eno -eNV	-emmim -eNMIM	-emmis -eNMIS

Adjectives

In general, there are two declensional classes of adjectives: thematic and athematic. The thematic declension is the only productive declension, with athematic adjectives being few in number outside of participles.

Thematic

	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-os -oS	-og -oV	-oi -oI	-ah -eH	-age -eHVe	-ās -eHeS	-od -oD	-oi -oIE	-ah -eH
Vocative	-e -e	-og -oV	-oi -oI	-oi -oIH	-age -eHVe	-ās -eHeS	-od -oD	-oi -oIE	-ah -eH
Accusative	-om -oM	-ō -oE	-ons -oMS	-ām -eHM	-ahe -eHEe	-āns -eHMS	-od -oD	-oi -oIE	-ah -eH
Genitive	-ošo -oSIo	-oihous -oISVoUS	-oihōm -oISoEoM	-ošās -oSIeHS	-ojasous -oIHSVoUS	-ojasōm -oIHSoEoM	-ošo -oSIo	-oihous -oISVoUS	-oihōm -oISoEoM
Ablative	-osmād -oSMeHeD	-oimām -oIMeHM	-oimos -oIMoS	-ošād -oSIeHD	-ojamām -oIHMeHM	-ojamos -oIHMoS	-osmād -oSMeHeD	-oimām -oIMeHM	-oimos -oIMoS
Dative	-osmei -oSMeI	-oivām -oIFeHM	-oivos -oIFoS	-ošāi -oSIeHeI	-ojavām -oIHFeHM	-ojavos -oIHFoS	-osmei -oSMeI	-oivām -oIFeHM	-oivos -oIFoS
Locative	-osmi -oSMI	-oihousu -oISVoUSU	-oihu -oISU	-ošai -oSIeHI	-ojasousu -oIHSVoUSU	-ojasu -oIHSU	-osmi -oSMI	-oihousu -oISVoUSU	-oihu -oISU
Instrumental	-onō -oNoE	-oivim -oIFIM	-oivis -oIFIS	-oihe -oIHEe	-ojavim -oIHFIM	-ojavis -oIHFIS	-onō -oNoE	-oivim -oIFIM	-oivis -oIFIS
Allative	-onog -oNoV	-oimim -oIMIM	-oimis -oIMIS	-oig -oIHV	-ojamim -oIHMIM	-ojamis -oIHMIS	-onog -oNoV	-oimim -oIMIM	-oimis -oIMIS

This declension originates from the pronominal declension, and has completely displaced the original thematic declension.

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

1: oinos; EoINoS; sēm; SeMS
2: dwō; DUoE
3: treis; TReIeS
4: ketwores; QeTUoReS
5: penke; PeNQe
6: weks (wekš-V-); UeÞS
7: septum; SePTM
8: ostōu; VoÞToEU
9: eneun; ENeUN
10: deþum DeÞMT
11: sundeþum SMDeÞMT
12: dwideþum DUIDeÞMT
13: trideþum TRIDeÞMT
14: keturdeþum KeTURDeÞMT
15: penkedeþum PeNQeDeÞMT
16: weksdeþum UeÞSDeÞMT
17: septundeþum SePTMDeÞMT
18: ostodeþum VoÞToDeÞMT
19: eneundeþum ENeUNDeÞMT
20: ewīþuntī; DUIDÞMTIE
30: trīþonta; TRIDÞoMTH
40: ketureþonta; QeTURDÞoMTH
50: penkēþonta; PeNQeDÞoMTH
60: wekšeþonta; UeÞSDÞoMTH
70: septumeþonta; SePTMDÞoMTH
80: ostōþonta; VoÞToDÞoMTH
90: eneuneþonta; ENeUNDÞoMTH
100: (sun)þuntom; (SM)ÞMToM
200: dwiþuntoi; DUIÞMToIE
300: triþuntah; TRIÞMTeH
400: keturþuntah; QeTURÞMTeH
500: penkeþuntah; PeNQeÞMTeH
600: weksþuntah; UeÞSÞMTeH
700: septunþuntah; SePTMÞMTeH
800: ostoþuntah; VoÞToÞMTeH
900: eneunþuntah; ENeUNÞMTeH
1000: sunðeslom; SMŽeSLoM
2000: dwiðesloi; DUIŽeSLoIE
3000: triðeslah; TRIŽeSLeH
4000: keturðeslah; QeTURŽeSLeH
5000: penkeðeslah; PeNQeŽeSLeH
6000: weksðeslah; UeÞSŽeSLeH
7000: septunðeslah; SePTMŽeSLeH
8000: ostoðeslah; VoÞToŽeSLeH
9000: eneunðeslah; ENeUNŽeSLeH
10000: tūsþonti; TUHSÞoNTI

The numeral oinos declines as a thematic adjective:

	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	oinos EoINoS	oinog EoINoV	oinoi EoINoI	oinah EoINeH	oinage EoINeHVe	oinās EoINeHeS	oinod EoINoD	oinoi EoINoIE	oinah EoINeH
Vocative	oine EoINe	oinog EoINoV	oinoi EoINoI	oinoi EoINoIH	oinage EoINeHVe	oinās EoINeHeS	oinod EoINoD	oinoi EoINoIE	oinah EoINeH
Accusative	oinom EoINoM	oinō EoINoE	oinons EoINoMS	oinām EoINeHM	oinahe EoINeHEe	oināns EoINeHMS	oinod EoINoD	oinoi EoINoIE	oinah EoINeH
Genitive	oinošo EoINoSIo	oinoihous EoINoISVoUS	oinoihōm EoINoISoEoM	oinošās EoINoSIeHS	oinojasous EoINoIHSVoUS	oinojasōm EoINoIHSoEoM	oinošo EoINoSIo	oinoihous EoINoISVoUS	oinoihōm EoINoISoEoM
Ablative	oinosmād EoINoSMeHeD	oinoimām EoINoIMeHM	oinoimos EoINoIMoS	oinošād EoINoSIeHD	oinojamām EoINoIHMeHM	oinojamos EoINoIHMoS	oinosmād EoINoSMeHeD	oinoimām EoINoIMeHM	oinoimos EoINoIMoS
Dative	oinosmei EoINoSMeI	oinoivām EoINoIFeHM	oinoivos EoINoIFoS	oinošāi EoINoSIeHeI	oinojavām EoINoIHFeHM	oinojavos EoINoIHFoS	oinosmei EoINoSMeI	oinoivām EoINoIFeHM	oinoivos EoINoIFoS
Locative	oinosmi EoINoSMI	oinoihousu EoINoISVoUSU	oinoihu EoINoISU	oinošai EoINoSIeHI	oinojasousu EoINoIHSVoUSU	oinojasu EoINoIHSU	oinosmi EoINoSMI	oinoihousu EoINoISVoUSU	oinoihu EoINoISU
Instrumental	oinonō EoINoNoE	oinoivim EoINoIFIM	oinoivis EoINoIFIS	oinoihe EoINoIHEe	oinojavim EoINoIHFIM	oinojavis EoINoIHFIS	oinonō EoINoNoE	oinoivim EoINoIFIM	oinoivis EoINoIFIS
Allative	oinonog EoINoNoV	oinoimim EoINoIMIM	oinoimis EoINoIMIS	oinoig EoINoIHV	oinojamim EoINoIHMIM	oinojamis EoINoIHMIS	oinonog EoINoNoV	oinoimim EoINoIMIM	oinoimis EoINoIMIS

The numeral sēm declines as follows:

	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	sēm SeMS	sēm SeMV	semes SeMeS	semih SeMIH	semige SeMIHVe	semīs SeMIHeS	sem SeM	semī SeMIE	sēm SeMH
Vocative	sem SeM	sēm SeMV	semes SeMeS	semi SeMIH	semige SeMIHVe	semīs SeMIHeS	sem SeM	semī SeMIE	sēm SeMH
Accusative	sēm SeMM	sēm SeME	semuns SeMMS	semīm SeMIHM	semihe SeMIHEe	semīns SeMIHMS	sem SeM	semī SeMIE	sēm SeMH
Genitive	smes SMeS	smous SMVoUS	smōm SMoEoM	sumjās SMIeHS	sumjagous SMIeHVoUS	sumjōm SMIeHoEoM	smes SMeS	smous SMVoUS	smōm SMoEoM
Ablative	smed SMeD	summām SMMeHM	summos SMMoS	sumjād SMIeHD	sumjāmām SMIeHMeHM	sumjāmos SMIeHMoS	smed SMeD	summām SMMeHM	summos SMMoS
Dative	smei SMeI	sumvām SMFeHM	sumvos SMFoS	sumjāi SMIeHeI	sumjāvām SMIeHFeHM	sumjāvos SMIeHFoS	smei SMeI	sumvām SMFeHM	sumvos SMFoS
Locative	semi SeMI	smousu SMVoUSU	sunsu SMSU	sumjai SMIeHI	sumjagousu SMIeHVoUSU	sumjāsu SMIeHSU	semi SeMI	smousu SMVoUSU	sunsu SMSU
Instrumental	smē SMeE	sumvim SMFIM	sumvis SMFIS	sumjahe SMIeHEe	sumjāvim SMIeHFIM	sumjāvis SMIeHFIS	smē SMeE	sumvim SMFIM	sumvis SMFIS
Allative	smog SMeV	summim SMMIM	summis SMMIS	sumjāg SMIeHV	sumjāmim SMIeHMIM	sumjāmis SMIeHMIS	smog SMeV	summim SMMIM	summis SMMIS

The numeral dwō only has dual forms, and declines as follows:

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	dwog DUoV	dwage DUeHVe	dwoi DUoIE
Vocative	dwog DUoV	dwage DUeHVe	dwoi DUoIE
Accusative	dwō DUoE	dwahe DUeHEe	dwoi DUoIE
Genitive	dwōus DUoVoUS	dwagous DUeHVoUS	dwōus DUoVoUS
Ablative	dwomām DUoMeHM	dwāmām DUeHMeHM	dwomām DUoMeHM
Dative	dwovām DUoFeHM	dwāvām DUeHFeHM	dwovām DUoFeHM
Locative	dwōusu DUoVoUSU	dwagousu DUeHVoUSU	dwōusu DUoVoUSU
Instrumental	dwovim DUoFIM	dwāvim DUeHFIM	dwovim DUoFIM
Allative	dwomim DUoMIM	dwāmim DUeHMIM	dwomim DUoMIM

The numerals treis and ketwores have special feminine forms. Their declensions are listed below:

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	treis TReIeS	teihores TeISoReS	trih TRIH
Vocative	treis TReIeS	teihores TeISoReS	trih TRIH
Accusative	trins TRIMS	teihoruns TeISoRMS	trih TRIH
Genitive	trijōm TRIoEoM	tisrōm TISRoEoM	trijōm TRIoEoM
Ablative	trimos TRIMoS	tiharmos TISRMoS	trimos TRIMoS
Dative	trivos TRIFoS	tiharvos TISRFoS	trivos TRIFoS
Locative	trihu TRISU	tiharhu TISRSU	trihu TRISU
Instrumental	trivis TRIFIS	tiharvis TISRFIS	trivis TRIFIS
Allative	trimis TRIMIS	tiharmis TISRMIS	trimis TRIMIS

	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ketwores QeTUoReS	kecores QeTSoReS	ketwōr QeTUoRH
Vocative	ketwores QeTUoReS	kecores QeTSoReS	ketwōr QeTUoRH
Accusative	ketworuns QeTUoRMS	kecoruns QeTSoRMS	ketwōr QeTUoRH
Genitive	kturōm QTURoEoM	kcrōm QTSRoEoM	kturōm QTURoEoM
Ablative	kturmos QTURMoS	kcarmos QTSRMoS	kturmos QTURMoS
Dative	kturvos QTURFoS	kcarvos QTSRFoS	kturvos QTURFoS
Locative	kturhu QTURSU	kcarhu QTSRSU	kturhu QTURSU
Instrumental	kturvis QTURFIS	kcarvis QTSRFIS	kturvis QTURFIS
Allative	kturmis QTURMIS	kcarmis QTSRMIS	kturmis QTURMIS

The numeral treis inflects as an amphikinetic i-stem with stem TR-I, with the slight anomaly that the genitive is trijōm instead of the expected *trejōm; this is a consequence of the syllable being word-initial. The numeral ketwores inflects as a holokinetic consonant stem with stem Q-TU-R.

(A side note: I believe that the accent of the nominative, vocative and accusative feminine forms of *tréyes is unreconstructible because no attested language preserved the original feminine stem. While both Celtic and Indo-Iranian suggest a stem *tisr-, this may have been simplified from an older holokinetic paradigm whose nominative and accusative forms began with **teysor-, as opposed to the oblique *tisr-. Regardless, this is just my rambling, so don't pay any attention to it.)

The numerals from 5 (penke) to 19 (eneundeþum) do not decline for gender, nor do they have separate accusative forms. The declensions for the numerals from 5 to 10 (deþum) are listed below:

	5	6	7	8	9	10
Nominative	penke PeNQe	weks UeÞS	septum SePTM	ostōu VoÞToEU	eneun ENeUN	deþum DeÞMT
Vocative	penke PeNQe	weks UeÞS	septum SePTM	ostōu VoÞToEU	eneun ENeUN	deþum DeÞMT
Accusative	penke PeNQe	weks UeÞS	septum SePTM	ostōu VoÞToEU	eneun ENeUN	deþum DeÞMT
Genitive	punkōm PNQoEoM	ukšōm UÞSoEoM	sptemōm SPTeMoEoM	ostōwōm VoÞToEUoEoM	enwenōm ENUeNoEoM	eþentōm DÞeMToEoM
Ablative	punkmos PNQMoS	uksmos UÞSMoS	sptemmos SPTeMMoS	ostōumos VoÞToEUMoS	enwemmos ENUeNMoS	eþentmos DÞeMTMoS
Dative	punkvos PNQFoS	uksfos UÞSFoS	sptemvos SPTeMFoS	ostōuvos VoÞToEUFoS	enwemvos ENUeNFoS	eþentfos DÞeMTFoS
Locative	punkšu PNQSU	ukšu UÞSSU	sptensu SPTeMSU	ostōuhu VoÞToEUSU	enwensu ENUeNSU	eþentsu DÞeMTSU
Instrumental	punkvis PNQFIS	uksfis UÞSFIS	sptemvis SPTeMFIS	ostōuvis VoÞToEUFIS	enwemvis ENUeNFIS	eþentfis DÞeMTFIS
Allative	punkmis PNQMIS	uksmis UÞSMIS	sptemmis SPTeMMIS	ostōumis VoÞToEUMIS	enwemmis ENUeNMIS	eþentmis DÞeMTMIS

The numerals from 11 (sundeþum) to 19 decline identically to deþum. These numerals also have a special collective form -deþunt (spelt identically), which has the following declension:

Nominative	-deþunt -DeÞMT
Vocative	-deþunt -DeÞMT
Accusative	-deþunt -DeÞMT
Genitive	-eþuntes -DÞMTeS
Ablative	-eþunted -DÞMTeD
Dative	-eþuntei -DÞMTeI
Locative	-eþenti -DÞeMTI
Instrumental	-eþuntē -DÞMTeE
Allative	-eþuntog -DÞMTeV

The numerals from 20 (ewīþuntī) onwards are (neuter) nouns, not determiners, and require the noun to be quantified to be in the genitive plural. As such, they decline as if they were nouns themselves. The decades have the following declension:

	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-eþuntī DÞMTIE	-eþonta DÞoMTH
Vocative	-eþuntī DÞMTIE	-eþonta DÞoMTH
Accusative	-eþuntī DÞMTIE	-eþonta DÞoMTH
Genitive	-eþentous DÞeMTVoUS	-eþentōm DÞeMToEoM
Ablative	-eþentmām DÞeMTMeHM	-eþentmos DÞeMTMoS
Dative	-eþentfām DÞeMTFeHM	-eþentfos DÞeMTFoS
Locative	-eþentousu DÞeMTMVoUSU	-eþentsu DÞeMTSU
Instrumental	-eþentfim DÞeMTFIM	-eþentfis DÞeMTFIS
Allative	-eþentmim DÞeMTMIM	-eþentmis DÞeMTMIS

Note the ablaut between the dual and the plural forms.

The numeral þuntom declines as a neuter o-stem:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	þuntom ÞMToM	þuntoi ÞMToIE	þuntah ÞMTeH
Vocative	þuntom ÞMToM	þuntoi ÞMToIE	þuntah ÞMTeH
Accusative	þuntom ÞMToM	þuntoi ÞMToIE	þuntah ÞMTeH
Genitive	þuntošo ÞMToSIo	þuntōus ÞMToVoUS	þuntōm ÞMTo'oEoM
Ablative	þuntōd ÞMToHeD	þuntomām ÞMToMeHM	þuntomos ÞMToMoS
Dative	þuntōi ÞMTo'eI	þuntovām ÞMToFeHM	þuntovos ÞMToFoS
Locative	þuntei ÞMTeI	þuntōusu ÞMToVoUSU	þuntoihu ÞMToISU
Instrumental	þuntō ÞMToE	þuntovim ÞMToFIM	þuntovis ÞMToFIS
Allative	þuntog ÞMToV	þuntomim ÞMToMIM	þuntomis ÞMToMIS

The numeral -ðeslom declines identically to eþuntom.

The numeral tūsþonti declines as a neuter i-stem:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	tūsþonti TUHSÞoNTI	tūsþontī TUHSÞoNTIIE	tūsþontī TUHSÞoNTIH
Vocative	tūsþonti TUHSÞoNTI	tūsþontī TUHSÞoNTIIE	tūsþontī TUHSÞoNTIH
Accusative	tūsþonti TUHSÞoNTI	tūsþontī TUHSÞoNTIIE	tūsþontī TUHSÞoNTIH
Genitive	tūsþunteis TUHSÞNTeIS	tūsþuntejous TUHSÞNTeIVoUS	tūsþuntejōm TUHSÞNTeIoEoM
Ablative	tūsþunteid TUHSÞNTeID	tūsþuntimām TUHSÞNTIMeHM	tūsþuntimos TUHSÞNTIMoS
Dative	tūsþuntēi TUHSÞNTeIeI	tūsþuntivām TUHSÞNTIFeHM	tūsþuntivos TUHSÞNTIFoS
Locative	tūsþuntei TUHSÞNTeII	tūsþuntejousu TUHSÞNTeIVoUSU	tūsþuntihu TUHSÞNTISU
Instrumental	tūsþuntī TUHSÞNTIE	tūsþuntivim TUHSÞNTIFIM	tūsþuntivis TUHSÞNTIFIS
Allative	tūsþuntig TUHSÞNTIV	tūsþuntimim TUHSÞNTIMIM	tūsþuntimis TUHSÞNTIMIS

Ordinal numbers

1st: promos; PRVMoS
2nd: dwiteros; DUITeRoS
3rd: tritos; TRIToS
4th: keturtos; QeTURToS
5th: penktos; PeNQToS
6th: wekstos; UeÞSToS
7th: septmos; SePTMoS
8th: ostōwos; VoÞToEUoS
9th: eneunos; ENeUNoS
10th: deþmos; DeÞMoS
20th: ewīþuntmos; DUIDÞMTMoS
30th: trīþontmos; TRIDÞoMTMoS
100th: (sum)eþuntomos; (SM)DÞMToMoS
1000th: sunðeslomos; SMŽeSLoMoS
10000th: tūseþontimos; TUHSDÞoNTIMoS

Adverbial numbers

1: summēle; SMMeELe
2: dwis; DUIS
3: tris; TRIS
4: keturis; QeTURIS
5: penkeis; PeNQeIS
6: wekšis; UeÞSIS
7: septmis; SePTMIS
8: ostōwis; VoÞToEUIS
9: eneunis; ENeUNIS
10: deþmis; DeÞMIS
20: ewīþuntis; DUIDÞMTIS
30: trīþontis; TRIDÞoMTIS
100: (sum)eþuntois; (SM)DÞMToIS
1000: sunðeslois; SMŽeSLoIS
10000: tūseþontīs; TUHSDÞoNTIIS

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

	First person					Second person			Reflexive
	Singular	Incl. Dual	Excl. Dual	Incl. Plural	Excl. Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative Vocative	eðom EeÐHoM	wē UeE	mē MeE	weis UeIS	meis MeIS	tuh TUH	jū IUE	juis IUIS
Accusative	eme EMe	ūwe UVUe	nowe NVUe	usme USMe	unsme NSMe	twe TUe	īwe IVUe	isme ISMe	swe SUe	sowe SVUe	esme SSMe
Genitive	emene EMeNe	wou UVoU	nou NVoU	usom USoM	unsom NSoM	tewe TeUe	jou IVoU	isom ISoM	sewe SeUe	sou SVoU	esom SSoM
Ablative	emed EMeD	ūwed UVUeD	nowed NVUeD	usmed USMeD	unsmed NSUeD	twed TUeD	īwed IVUeD	ismed ISMeD	swed SUeD	sowed SVUeD	esmed SSMeD
Dative	emevi EMeFI	ūwei UVUeI	nowei NVUeI	usmei USMeI	unsmei NSUeI	twevi TUeFI	īwei IVUeI	ismei ISMeI	swevi SUeFI	sowei SVUeI	esmei SSMeI
Locative	emoi EMoI	ūwi UVUI	nowi NVUI	usmi USMI	unsmi NSUI	twoi TUoI	īwi IVUI	ismi ISMI	swoi SUoI	sowi SVUI	esmi SSMI
Instrumental	emē EMeE	ūwē UVUeE	nowē NVUeE	usmē USMeE	unsmē NSUeE	twē TUeE	īwē IVUeE	ismē ISMeE	swē SUeE	sowē SVUeE	esmē SSMeE
Allative	emog EMeV	ūwog UVUeV	nowog NVUeV	usmog USMeV	unsmog NSUeV	twog TUeV	īwog IVUeV	ismog ISMeV	swog SUeV	sowog SVUeV	esmog SSMeV
Clitic form (Accusative)	me Me	wog UoV	nog NoV	wos UoS	nos NoS	te Te	jog IoV	jos IoS	se Se	sog SoV	sos SoS
Clitic form (Dative)	moi MoI	ug UV	no NV	us US	uns NS	toi ToI	ig IV	is IS	soi SoI	so SV	es SS
Possessive	moinos MoINoS	woros UVeRoS	noros NVeRoS	useros USeRoS	unseros NSeRoS	toinos ToINoS	joros IVeRoS	iseros ISeRoS	soinos SoINoS	soros SVeRoS	eseros SSeRoS

Demonstratives

Anaphoric demonstrative:

	Masculine			Feminine			Neuter
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	is EIS	ig EIV	eis EeIeS	ih EIH	ige EIHVe	īs EIHeS	id EID	ī EIIE	ih EIH
Vocative	i EI	ig EIV	eis EeIeS	i EIH	ige EIHVe	īs EIHeS	id EID	ī EIIE	ih EIH
Accusative	im EIM	ī EIE	ins EIMS	īm EIHM	ihe EIHEe	īns EIHMS	id EID	ī EIIE	ih EIH
Genitive	ešo EeSIo	eihous EeISoUS	eihōm EeISoEoM	ešās EeSIeHS	īsous EIHSoUS	īsōm EIHSoEoM	ešo EeSIo	eihous EeISoUS	eihōm EeISoEoM
Ablative	esmād EeSMeHeD	eimām EeIMeHM	eimos EeIMoS	ešād EeSIeHD	īmām EIHMeHM	īmos EIHMoS	esmād EeSMeHeD	eimām EeIMeHM	eimos EeIMoS
Dative	esmei EeSMeI	eivām EeIFeHM	eivos EeIFoS	ešāi EeSIeHeI	īvām EIHFeHM	īvos EIHFoS	esmei EeSMeI	eivām EeIFeHM	eivos EeIFoS
Locative	esmi EeSMI	eihousu EeISoUSU	eihu EeISU	ešai EeSIeHI	īsousu EIHSoUSU	īsu EIHSU	esmi EeSMI	eihousu EeISoUSU	eihu EeISU
Instrumental	enō EeNoE	eivim EeIFIM	eivis EeIFIS	ihe EIHEe	īvim EIHFIM	īvis EIHFIS	enō EeNoE	eivim EeIFIM	eivis EeIFIS
Allative	enog EeNoV	eimim EeIMIM	eimis EeIMIS	īg EIHV	īmim EIHMIM	īmis EIHMIS	enog EeNoV	eimim EeIMIM	eimis EeIMIS

The other demonstratives are:

Proximal: þos (ÞoS), þah (ÞeH), þod (ÞoD)
Medial: so (So), sah (SeH), tod (ToD)
Distal: enos (HeNoS), enah (HeNeH), enod (HeNoD)

The proximal and distal demonstratives decline identically to thematic adjectives. The medial demonstrative has special nominative/vocative forms for the masculine and feminine singular, but otherwise declines as a thematic adjective with stem t-.

Verbs

Verbs are easily the most complex part of speech in the language. In general, there are five sets of endings, which may either come in primary, secondary or imperative forms.

The following lists the active thematic set:

	Primary	Secondary	Imperative
1st singular	-ō -ōU	-om -oM	-ō -ōU
2nd singular	-esi -eSI	-es -eS	-e -e
3rd singular	-eti -eTI	-et -eT	-etu -eTU
1st incl. dual	-owai -oUeHI	-owah -oUeH	-owau -oUeHU
1st excl. dual	-omai -oMeHI	-omah -oMeH	-omau -oMeHU
2nd dual	-etai -eTeHI	-etah -eTeH	-etau -eTeHU
3rd dual	-ōdi -oVTI	-ōd -oVT	-ōdu -oVTU
1st incl. pl.	-owesi -oUeSI	-owes -oUeS	-owesu -oUeSU
1st excl. pl.	-omesi -oMeSI	-omes -oMeS	-omesu -oMeSU
2nd plural	-etesi -eTeSI	-ete -eTe	-etesu -eTeSU
3rd plural	-esti -eSTI	-est -eST	-estu -eSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	-oweni -oUeNI	-owen -oUeN	-owenu -oUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	-omeni -oMeNI	-omen -oMeN	-omenu -oMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	-eteni -eTeNI	-eter -eTeR	-etenu -eTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	-onti -oNTI	-ont -oNT	-ontu -oNTU

The following lists the active athematic set:

	Primary	Secondary	Imperative
1st singular	-mi -MI	-m -M	-mu -MU
2nd singular	-si -SI	-s -S	- -
3rd singular	-ti -TI	-t -T	-tu -TU
1st incl. dual	-wai -UeHI	-wah -UeH	-wau -UeHU
1st excl. dual	-mai -MeHI	-mah -MeH	-mau -MeHU
2nd dual	-tai -TeHI	-tah -TeH	-tau -TeHU
3rd dual	-(ō/o/g)di -(e)VTI	-(ō/o/g)d -(e)VT	-(ō/o/g)du -(e)VTU
1st incl. pl.	-wesi -UeSI	-wes -UeS	-wesu -UeSU
1st excl. pl.	-mesi -MeSI	-mes -MeS	-mesu -MeSU
2nd plural	-tesi -TeSI	-te -Te	-tesu -TeSU
3rd plural	-(e)sti -(e)STI	-(e)st -(e)ST	-(e)stu -(e)STU
1st incl. du. + pl.	-weni -UeNI	-wen -UeN	-wenu -UeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	-meni -MeNI	-men -MeN	-menu -MeNU
2nd dual + pl.	-teni -TeNI	-ter -TeR	-tenu -TeNU
3rd dual + pl.	-(e/u)nti -(e)NTI	-(e/u)nt -(e)NT	-(e/u)ntu -(e)NTU

There are forms that can represent either dual or plural subjects. They are distinguished by their -n- infix (although in the second person, this becomes -r in the secondary), and are primarily used where it is not known whether two individuals or more are performing the action. These forms only exist in the active and the mediopassive imperative (which is derived from the active), the other mediopassive endings and the perfect endings lack forms that can represent either dual or plural subjects; these use the plural forms in this role.

The following lists the mediopassive thematic set:

	Primary	Secondary	Imperative
1st singular	-ōr -eHoR	-ā -eHe	-omo -oMo
2nd singular	-eþor -eTHoR	-eþa -eTHe	-eso -eSo
3rd singular	-etor -eToR	-ete -eTe	-eto -eTo
1st incl. dual	-āwor -eHUoR	-āwe -eHUe	-owō -oUeHo
1st excl. dual	-āmor -eHMoR	-āme -eHMe	-omō -oMeHo
2nd dual	-āþor -eHTHoR	-āþa -eHTHe	-etō -oTeHo
3rd dual	-ātor -eHToR	-āte -eHTe	-ōdo -oVTo
1st incl. pl.	-owoður -oUoZHUR	-oweðu -oUeZHU	-oweso -oUeSo
1st excl. pl.	-omoður -oMoZHUR	-omeðu -oMeZHU	-omeso -oMeSo
2nd plural	-eðawor -eZHUoR	-eðawe -eZHUe	-eteso -eTeSo
3rd plural	-oror -oRoR	-ore -oRe	-osto -oSTo
1st incl. du. + pl.	-owoður -oUoZHUR	-oweðu -oUeZHU	-oweno -oUeNo
1st excl. du. + pl.	-omoður -oMoZHUR	-omeðu -oMeZHU	-omeno -oMeNo
2nd dual + pl.	-eðawor -eZHUoR	-eðawe -eZHUe	-eteno -eTeNo
3rd dual + pl.	-ontor -oNToR	-onte -oNTe	-onto -oNTo

The following lists the mediopassive athematic set:

	Primary	Secondary	Imperative
1st singular	-or -HoR	-a -He	-mo -Mo
2nd singular	-þor -THoR	-þa -THe	-so -So
3rd singular	-tor -ToR	-te -Te	-to -To
1st incl. dual	-awor -HUoR	-awe -HUe	-wō -UeHo
1st excl. dual	-amor -HMoR	-ame -HMe	-mō -MeHo
2nd dual	-aþor -HTHoR	-aþa -HTHe	-tō -TeHo
3rd dual	-ator -HToR	-ate -HTe	-(ō/o/k)do -(e)VTo
1st incl. pl.	-woður -UoZHUR	-weðu -UeZHU	-weso -UeSo
1st excl. pl.	-moður -MoZHUR	-meðu -MeZHU	-meso -MeSo
2nd plural	-ðawor -ZHUoR	-ðawe -ZHUe	-teso -TeSo
3rd plural	-ror -RoR	-re -Re	-(e)sto -(e)STo
1st incl. du. + pl.	-woður -UoZHUR	-weðu -UeZHU	-weno -UeNo
1st excl. du. + pl.	-moður -MoZHUR	-meðu -MeZHU	-meno -MeNo
2nd dual + pl.	-ðawor -ZHUoR	-ðawe -ZHUe	-teno -TeNo
3rd dual + pl.	-(e/u)ntor -(e)NToR	-(e/u)nte -(e)NTe	-(e/u)nto -(e)NTo

The primary mediopassive endings typically end in -r (-R), but other endings may be used:

-m (-M)
-am (-HM)
-ar (-HR)
-h (-H)
-ð (-Z)
-i (-I)

In the past, these agreed with the benefactive (i.e. the one whom the action benefits), but over the millennia, -r (and to a lesser extent, -ð), both originally second person singular and plural respectively, became general politeness markers, and later became a nearly inseparable part of the ending. The first person plural has special forms when combined with -ð:

Inclusive: -wossa (-UoSZH)
Exclusive: -mossa (-MoSZH)

The endings beginning with -H- change the adjacent /o/ to /a/ (thus forming a long /aː/ with the -am and -ar endings, and a final -ah with the -h ending; in all three cases the vowel is written <e>). For the first person plural, this actually affects the /o/ directly following the clusivity marker, and changes the vowel to /e/, resulting in the following:

Inclusive: -weðuh (-UeZHUH)
Exclusive: -meðuh (-UeZHUH)

While -i normally forms a diphthong, in the first person plural it replaces the final -u, forming -woði and -moði.

The use of the ending -m and -am (historically representing the first person singular/plural and dual, respectively) is nowadays considered rude, while -i and -h (third person plural and dual, respectively) are limited to informal, non-polite speech. The ending -ar never evolved into a politeness marker, due to the highly marked nature of the dual, especially when combined with the second person, and is now archaic. The lack of an ending (historically representing the third person singular) is limited to the secondary endings.

The following lists the perfect set:

1st singular	-a -He
2nd singular	-þa -THe
3rd singular	-e -e
1st incl. dual	-awe -HUe
1st excl. dual	-ame -HMe
2nd dual	-aþa -HTHe
3rd dual	-ate -HTe
1st incl. pl.	-we -Ue
1st excl. pl.	-me -Me
2nd plural	-se -Se
3rd plural	-ēr -eRS

There is also a thematic variant:

1st singular	-ā -eHe
2nd singular	-eþa -eTHe
3rd singular	-ē -e'e
1st incl. dual	-āwe -eHUe
1st excl. dual	-āme -eHMe
2nd dual	-āþa -eHTHe
3rd dual	-āte -eHTe
1st incl. pl.	-owe -oUe
1st excl. pl.	-ome -oMe
2nd plural	-ese -eSe
3rd plural	-eēr -e'eRS

However, this variant is extremely rare.

Where the written forms have an "optional" <e>, it means that if the verb follows an amphikinetic paradigm, then the ending contains an /e/, otherwise it is omitted. (in the third person plural -st- froms, /e/ is added anyway if the stem ends in /s/, as geminates are forbidden in consonant clusters).

There are three aspect forms for each verb, which may or may not be related to each other (e.g. the copula has the forms es- [E-S], fū-/fuh- [F-UH] and awes- [HU-S] for its three aspect forms). The first form is the imperfective form, the second the perfective (aorist) form, and the third the stative (perfect) form. Each aspect form conjugates differently, and the stative form is unique in that it uses the perfect set in the indicative.

The typical ablaut grades are as follows:

	Strong	Weak	Subjunctive	Optative
Standard	e-Ø	Ø-e	e-	Ø-
molō	o-Ø	e-Ø	e-	Ø-
Narten	ē-Ø	e-Ø	e-	Ø-
Stative	e-o-Ø	e-Ø-e	e-e-	e-Ø-
s-aorist	ē-Ø	e-Ø	e-	Ø-

The imperfective and stative use the strong grades for the singular, and the weak for the plural. The perfective, with the exception of the s-aorist (which behaves like imperfectives with regards to ablaut), only uses the weak grade for the third person dual/plural forms. In the past, there was more variation in how the ablaut grades were assigned, but analogy has eliminated such irregularities.

While the vast majority of statives are reduplicated (their ablaut patterns have "e-" appended to the front of them), two (awose "to be" and woide "to know") do not show reduplication.

The following lists the conjugation tables for the copula:

Imperfective active
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	esmi EeSMI	esō EeSōU	ešēm ESIeEM	esmu EeSMU
2nd singular	esi EeSI	esesi EeSeSI	ešēs ESIeES	es EeS
3rd singular	esti EeSTI	eseti EeSeTI	ešēt ESIeET	estu EeSTU
1st incl. dual	eswai ESUeHI	esowai EeSoUeHI	esīwah ESIEUeH	eswau ESUeHU
1st excl. dual	esmai ESMeHI	esomai EeSoMeHI	esīmah ESIEMeH	esmau ESMeHU
2nd dual	estai ESTeHI	esetai EeSeTeHI	esītah ESIETeH	estau ESTeHU
3rd dual	esōdi ESeVTI	esōdi EeSoVTI	esejōd ESIEeVT	esōdu ESeVTU
1st incl. pl.	eswesi ESUeSI	esowesi EeSoUeSI	esīwes ESIEUeS	eswesu ESUeSU
1st excl. pl.	esmesi ESMeSI	esomesi EeSoMeSI	esīmes ESIEMeS	esmesu ESMeSU
2nd plural	estesi ESTeSI	esetesi EeSeTeSI	esīte ESIETe	estesu ESTeSU
3rd plural	esesti ESeSTI	esesti EeSeSTI	esīst ESIEeST	esestu ESeSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	esweni ESUeNI	esoweni EeSoUeNI	esīwen ESIEUeN	eswenu ESUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	esmeni ESMeNI	esomeni EeSoMeNI	esīmen ESIEMeN	esmenu ESMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	esteni ESTeNI	eseteni EeSeTeNI	esīter ESIETeR	estenu ESTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	esenti ESeNTI	esonti EeSoNTI	esīnt ESIEeNT	esentu ESeNTU
Participle	esonts EeSoNTS
Infinitive	esos EeSoS

Perfective active
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	feum FeUHM	fewō FeUHōU	fūjēm FUHIeEM	feumu FeUHMU
2nd singular	feus FeUHS	fewasi FeUHeSI	fūjēs FUHIeES	feu FeUH
3rd singular	feut FeUHT	fewati FeUHeTI	fūjēt FUHIeET	feutu FeUHTU
1st incl. dual	fēwah FeUHUeH	fewowai FeUHoUeHI	fuwīwah FUHIEUeH	fēwau FeUHUeHU
1st excl. dual	feumah FeUHMeH	fewomai FeUHoMeHI	fuwīmah FUHIEMeH	feumau FeUHMeHU
2nd dual	fetah FeUHTeH	fewatai FeUHeTeHI	fuwītah FUHIETeH	feutau FeUHTeHU
3rd dual	fuwōd FUHeVT	fewōdi FeUHoVTI	fuwejōd FUHIEeVT	fuwōdu FUHeVTU
1st incl. pl.	fēwes FeUHUeS	fewowesi FeUHoUeSI	fuwīwes FUHIEUeS	fēwesu FeUHUeSU
1st excl. pl.	feumes FeUHMeS	fewomesi FeUHoMeSI	fuwīmes FUHIEMeS	feumesu FeUHMeSU
2nd plural	feute FeUHTe	fewatesi FeUHeTeSI	fuwīte FUHIETe	feutesu FeUHTeSU
3rd plural	fūst FUHeST	fewesti FeUHeSTI	fuwīst FUHIEeST	fūstu FUHeSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	fēwen FeUHUeN	fewoweni FeUHoUeNI	fuwīwen FUHIEUeN	fēwenu FeUHUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	feumen FeUHMeN	fewomeni FeUHoMeNI	fuwīmen FUHIEMeN	feumenu FeUHMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	feuter FeUHTeR	fewoteni FeUHoTeNI	fuwīter FUHIETeR	feutenu FeUHTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	fūnt FUHeNT	fewonti FeUHoNTI	fuwīnt FUHIEeNT	fūntu FUHeNTU
Participle	fewonts FeUHoNTS
Infinitive	fewos FeUHoS

Stative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	awosa HUoSHe	awesō HUeSōU	hušēm HUSIeEM	awosmu HUoSMU
2nd singular	awosþa HUoSTHe	awesesi HUeSeSI	hušēs HUSIeES	awos HUoS
3rd singular	awose HUoSe	aweseti HUeSeTI	hušēt HUSIeET	awostu HUoSTU
1st incl. dual	huhawe HUSHUe	awesowai HUeSoUeHI	huhīwah HUSIEUeH	huswau HUSUeHU
1st excl. dual	huhame HUSHMe	awesomai HUeSoMeHI	huhīmah HUSIEMeH	husmau HUSMeHU
2nd dual	huhaþa HUSHTHe	awesetai HUeSeTeHI	huhītah HUSIETeH	hustau HUSTeHU
3rd dual	huhate HUSHTe	awesōdi HUeSoVTI	huhejōd HUSIEeVT	huhōdu HUSeVTU
1st incl. pl.	huswe HUSUe	awesowesi HUeSoUeSI	huhīwes HUSIEUeS	huswesu HUSUeSU
1st excl. pl.	husme HUSMe	awesomesi HUeSoMeSI	huhīmes HUSIEMeS	husmesu HUSMeSU
2nd plural	husse HUSSe	awesetesi HUeSeTeSI	huhīte HUSIETe	hustesu HUSTeSU
3rd plural	huhēr HUSeRS	awesesti HUeSeSTI	huhīst HUSIEeST	huhestu HUSeSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	huswe HUSUe	awesoweni HUeSoUeNI	huhīwen HUSIEUeN	huswenu HUSUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	husme HUSMe	awesomeni HUeSoMeNI	huhīmen HUSIEMeN	husmenu HUSMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	husse HUSSe	aweseteni HUeSeTeNI	huhīter HUSIETeR	hustenu HUSTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	huhēr HUSeRS	awesonti HUeSoNTI	huhīnt HUSIEeNT	huhentu HUSeNTU
ParticipleU	aweswos HUeSUoS
Infinitive	awestus HUeSTUS

Not listed are non-present forms (the past is formed with -few-/-fu-, while the future uses -fūje-).

The following lists the conjugation of linekti ("to leave behind"; stems LIN-Q, L-IQ, L-L-IQ):

Imperfective active
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	linekmi LINeQMI	linekō LINeQōU	linkjēm LINQIeEM	linekmu LINeQMU
2nd singular	linekši LINeQSI	linekesi LINeQeSI	linkjēs LINQIeES	linek LINeQ
3rd singular	linekti LINeQTI	lineketi LINeQeTI	linkjēt LINQIeET	linektu LINeQTU
1st incl. dual	linkwai LINKUeHI	linekowai LINeQoUeHI	linkīwah LINQIEUeH	linkwau LINKUeHU
1st excl. dual	linkmai LINQMeHI	linekomai LINeQoMeHI	linkīmah LINQIEMeH	linkmau LINQMeHU
2nd dual	linktai LINQTeHI	lineketai LINeQeTeHI	linkītah LINQIETeH	linktau LINQTeHU
3rd dual	linkōdi LINQeVTI	linekōdi LINeQoVTI	linkejōd LINQIEeVT	linkōdu LINQeVTU
1st incl. pl.	linkwesi LINKUeSI	linekowesi LINeQoUeSI	linkīwes LINQIEUeS	linkwesu LINKUeSU
1st excl. pl.	linkmesi LINQMeSI	linekomesi LINeQoMeSI	linkīmes LINQIEMeS	linkmesu LINQMeSU
2nd plural	linktesi LINQTeSI	lineketesi LINeQeTeSI	linkīte LINQIETe	linktesu LINQTeSU
3rd plural	linkesti LINQeSTI	linekesti LINeQeSTI	linkīst LINQIEeST	linkestu LINQeSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	linkweni LINKUeNI	linekoweni LINeQoUeNI	linkīwen LINQIEUeN	linkwenu LINKUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	linkmeni LINQMeNI	linekomeni LINeQoMeNI	linkīmen LINQIEMeN	linkmenu LINQMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	linkteni LINQTeNI	linekoteni LINeQoTeNI	linkīter LINQIETeR	linktenu LINQTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	linkenti LINQeNTI	linekonti LINeQoNTI	linkīnt LINQIEeNT	linkentu LINQeNTU
Participle	linekonts LINeQoNTS
Infinitive	linekos LINeQoS

Note that the conversion of <Q> to <K> is an incidence of the boukólos rule, which in this case only affects orthography. Only with word-initial <W> does it actually cause a change in pronunciation (from /b/ to /h/, the realisation of word-initial <X>).

Imperfective mediopassive
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	linkor LINQHoR	linekōr LINeQeHoR	linkiha LINQIEHe	linekmo LINeQMo
2nd singular	linkþor LINQTHoR	linekeþor LINeQeTHoR	linkīþa LINQIETHe	linekšo LINeQSo
3rd singular	linktor LINQToR	lineketor LINeQeToR	linkīte LINQIETe	linekto LINeQTo
1st incl. dual	linkawor LINQHUoR	linekāwor LINeQeHUoR	linkejawe LINQIEHUe	linkwō LINKUeHo
1st excl. dual	linkamor LINQHMoR	linekāmor LINeQeHMoR	linkejame LINQIEHMe	linkmō LINQMeHo
2nd dual	linkaþor LINQHTHoR	linekāþor LINeQeHTHoR	linkejaþa LINQIEHTHe	linktō LINQTeHo
3rd dual	linkator LINQHToR	linekātor LINeQeHToR	linkejate LINQIEHHe	linkōdo LINQTeVTo
1st incl. pl.	linkwoður LINKUoZHUR	linekowoður LINeQoUoZHUR	linkīweðu LINQIEUeZHU	linkweso LINKUeSo
1st excl. pl.	linkmoður LINQMoZHUR	linekomoður LINeQoMoZHUR	linkīmeðu LINQIEMeZHU	linkmeso LINQMeSo
2nd plural	linkðawor LINQZHUoR	linekeðawor LINeQeZHUoR	linkīðawe LINQIEZHUe	linkteso LINQTeSo
3rd plural	linkror LINQRoR	linekoror LINeQoRoR	linkīre LINQIERe	linkesto LINQeSTo
1st incl. du. + pl.	linkwoður LINKUoZHUR	linekowoður LINeQoUoZHUR	linkīweðu LINQIEUeZHU	linkweno LINKUeNo
1st excl. du. + pl.	linkmoður LINQMoZHUR	linekomoður LINeQoMoZHUR	linkīmeðu LINQIEMeZHU	linkmeno LINQMeNo
2nd dual + pl.	linkðawor LINQZHUoR	linekeðawor LINeQeZHUoR	linkīðawe LINQIEZHUe	linkteno LINQTeNo
3rd dual + pl.	linkentor LINQeNToR	linekontor LINeQoNToR	linkīnte LINQIEeNTe	linkento LINQeNTo
Participle	linkmenos LINQMENoS
Infinitive	linekmun LINeQMN

Perfective active
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	leikum LeIQM	leikō LeIQōU	likjēm LIQIeEM	leikmu LeIQMU
2nd singular	leiks LeIQS	leikesi LeIQeSI	likjēs LIQIeES	leik LeIQ
3rd singular	leikt LeIQT	leiketi LeIQeTI	likjēt LIQIeET	leiktu LeIQTU
1st incl. dual	leikwah LeIKUeH	leikowai LeIQoUeHI	likīwah LIQIEUeH	leikwau LeIKUeHU
1st excl. dual	leikmah LeIQMeH	leikomai LeIQoMeHI	likīmah LIQIEMeH	leikmau LeIQMeHU
2nd dual	leiktah LeIQTeH	leiketai LeIQeTeHI	likītah LIQIETeH	leiktau LeIQTeHU
3rd dual	likōd LIQeVT	leikōdi LeIQoVTI	likejōd LIQIEeVT	likōdu LIQeVTU
1st incl. pl.	leikwes LeIKUeS	leikowesi LeIQoUeSI	likīwes LIQIEUeS	leikwesu LeIKUeSU
1st excl. pl.	leikmes LeIQMeS	leikomesi LeIQoMeSI	likīmes LIQIEMeS	leikmesu LeIQMeSU
2nd plural	leikte LeIQTe	leiketesi LeIQeTeSI	likīte LIQIETe	leiktesu LeIQTeSU
3rd plural	likest LIQeST	leikesti LeIQoSTI	likīst LIQIEeST	likestu LIQeSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	likwen LIKUeN	leikoweni LeIQoUeNI	likīwen LIQIEUeN	likwenu LIKUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	leikmen LeIQMeN	leikomeni LeIQoMeNI	likīmen LIQIEMeN	leikmenu LeIQMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	leikter LeIQTeR	leiketeni LeIQeTeNI	likīter LIQIETeR	leiktenu LeIQTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	likent LIQeNT	leikonti LeIQoNTI	likīnt LIQIEeNT	likentu LIQeNTU
Participle	leikonts LeIQoNTS
Infinitive	leikos LeIQoS

Perfective mediopassive
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	lika LIQHe	leikōr LeIQoHoR	likiha LIQIEHe	leikmo LeIQMo
2nd singular	likþa LIQTHe	leikeþor LeIQeTHoR	likīþa LIQIETHe	leikšo LeIQSo
3rd singular	likte LIQTe	leiketor LeIQeToR	likīte LIQIETe	leikto LeIQTo
1st incl. dual	likawe LIQHUe	leikāwor LeIQeHUoR	likejawe LIQIEHUe	leikwō LeIKUeHo
1st excl. dual	likame LIQHMe	leikāmor LeIQeHMoR	likejame LIQIEHMe	leikmō LeIQMeHo
2nd dual	likaþa LIQHTHe	leikāþor LeIQeHTHoR	likejaþa LIQIEHTHe	leiktō LeIQTeHo
3rd dual	likate LIQHTe	leikātor LeIQeHToR	likejate LIQIEHTe	likōdo LIQeVTo
1st incl. pl.	likweðu LIKUeZHU	leikowoður LeIQoUoZHUR	likīweðu LIQIEUeZHU	leikweso LeIKUeSo
1st excl. pl.	likmeðu LIQMeZHU	leikomoður LeIQoMoZHUR	likīmeðu LIQIEMeZHU	leikmeso LeIQMeSo
2nd plural	likðawe LIQZHUe	leikeðawor LeIQeZHUoR	likīðawe LIQIEZHUe	leikteso LeIQTeSo
3rd plural	likre LIQRe	leikoror LeIQoRoR	likīre LIQIERe	likesto LIQeSTo
1st incl. du. + pl.	likweðu LIKUeZHU	leikowoður LeIQoUoZHUR	likīweðu LIQIEUeZHU	leikweno LeIKUeNo
1st excl. du. + pl.	likmeðu LIQMeZHU	leikomoður LeIQoMoZHUR	likīmeðu LIQIEMeZHU	leikmeno LeIQMeNo
2nd dual + pl.	likðawe LIQZHUe	leikeðawor LeIQeZHUoR	likīðawe LIQIEZHUe	leikteno LeIQTeNo
3rd dual + pl.	likente LIQeNTe	leikontor LeIQoNToR	likīnte LIQIEeNTe	likento LIQeNTo
Participle	likmenos LIQMENoS
Infinitive	leikmun LeIQMN

Stative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	leloika LeLoIQHe	leleikō LeLeiQōU	lelikjēm LeLIQIeEM	leloikmu LeLoIQMU
2nd singular	leloikþa LeLoIQTHe	leleikesi LeLeiQeSI	lelikjēs LeLIQIeES	leloik LeLoIQ
3rd singular	leloike LeLoIQe	leleiketi LeLeiQeTI	lelikjēt LeLIQIeET	leloiktu LeLoIQTU
1st incl. dual	lelikawe LeLIQHUe	leleikowai LeLeiQoUeHI	lelikīwah LeLIQIEUeH	lelikwau LeLIKUeHU
1st excl. dual	lelikame LeLIQHMe	leleikomai LeLeiQoMeHI	lelikīmah LeLIQIEMeH	lelikmau LeLIQMeHU
2nd dual	lelikaþa LeLIQHTHe	leleiketai LeLeiQeTeHI	lelikītah LeLIQIETeH	leliktau LeLIQTeHU
3rd dual	lelikate LeLIQHTe	leleikōdi LeLeiQoVTI	lelikejōd LeLIQIEeVT	lelikōdu LeLIQeVTU
1st incl. pl.	lelikwe LeLIKUe	leleikowesi LeLeiQoUeSI	lelikīwes LeLIQIEUeS	lelikwesu LeLIKUeSU
1st excl. pl.	lelikme LeLIQMe	leleikomesi LeLeiQoMeSI	lelikīmes LeLIQIEMeS	lelikmesu LeLIQMeSU
2nd plural	lelikše LeLIQSe	leleiketesi LeLeiQeTeSI	lelikīte LeLIQIETe	leliktesu LeLIQTeSU
3rd plural	lelikēr LeLIQeRS	leleikonti LeLeiQoNTI	lelikīnt LeLIQIEeNT	lelikestu LeLIQeSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	lelikwe LeLIKUe	leleikowesi LeLeiQoUeSI	lelikīwes LeLIQIEUeS	lelikwenu LeLIKUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	lelikše LeLIQSe	leleiketesi LeLeiQeTeSI	lelikīte LeLIQIETe	leliktenu LeLIQTeNU
2nd dual + pl.	likðawe LIQZHUe	leikeðawor LeIQeZHUoR	likīðawe LIQIEZHUe	likteno LIQTeNo
3rd dual + pl.	lelikēr LeLIQeRS	leleikonti LeLeiQoNTI	lelikīnt LeLIQIEeNT	lelikentu LeLIQeNTU
Participle	leleikwos LeLeiKUoS
Infinitive	leleiktus LeLeiQTUS

The following lists the conjugation of fereti ("to bear"; stems F-R, F-R-S, F-F-R):

Imperfective active
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	ferō FeRōU	feroō FeRo'ōU	ferojem FeRoIEM	ferō FeRōU
2nd singular	feresi FeReSI	ferēsi FeRe'eSI	ferois FeRoIES	fere FeRe
3rd singular	fereti FeReTI	ferēti FeRe'eTI	feroit FeRoIET	feretu FeReTU
1st incl. dual	ferowai FeRoUeHI	ferōwai FeRo'oUeHI	feroiwah FeRoIEUeH	ferowau FeRoUeHU
1st excl. dual	feromai FeRoMeHI	ferōmai FeRo'oMeHI	feroimah FeRoIEMeH	feromau FeRoMeHU
2nd dual	feretai FeReTeHI	ferētai FeRe'eTeHI	feroitah FeRoIETeH	feretau FeReTeHU
3rd dual	ferōdi FeRoVTI	feroōdi FeRo'oVTI	feroigd FeRoIEVT	ferōdu FeRoVTU
1st incl. pl.	ferowesi FeRoUeSI	ferōwesi FeRo'oUeSI	feroiwes FeRoIEUeS	ferowesu FeRoUeSU
1st excl. pl.	feromesi FeRoMeSI	ferōmesi FeRo'oMeSI	feroimes FeRoIEMeS	feromesu FeRoMeSU
2nd plural	feretesi FeReTeSI	ferētesi FeRe'eTeSI	feroite FeRoIETe	feretesu FeReTeSU
3rd plural	feresti FeReSTI	ferēsti FeRe'eSTI	ferojest FeRoIEST	ferestu FeReSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	feroweni FeRoUeNI	ferōweni FeRo'oUeNI	feroiwen FeRoIEUeN	ferowenu FeRoUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	feromeni FeRoMeNI	ferōmeni FeRo'oMeNI	feroimen FeRoIEMeN	feromenu FeRoMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	fereteni FeReTeNI	ferēteni FeRe'eTeNI	feroiter FeRoIETeR	feretenu FeReTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	feronti FeRoNTI	ferōnti FeRo'oNTI	ferojent FeRoIENT	ferontu FeRoNTU
Participle	feronts FeRoNTS
Infinitive	ferōs FeRo'oS

Imperfective mediopassive
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	ferōr FeReHoR	ferejor FeRe'eHoR	feroiha FeRoIEHe	feromo FeRoMo
2nd singular	fereþor FeReTHoR	ferēþor FeRe'eTHoR	feroiþa FeRoIETHe	fereso FeReSo
3rd singular	feretor FeReToR	ferētor FeRe'eToR	feroite FeRoIETe	fereto FeReTo
1st incl. dual	ferāwor FeReHUoR	ferejawor FeRe'eHUoR	ferojawe FeRoIEHUe	ferowō FeRoUeHo
1st excl. dual	ferāmor FeReHMoR	ferejamor FeRe'eHMoR	ferojame FeRoIEHMe	feromō FeRoMeHo
2nd dual	ferāþor FeReHTHoR	ferejaþor FeRe'eHTHoR	ferojaþa FeRoIEHTHe	feretō FeReTeHo
3rd dual	ferātor FeReHToR	ferejator FeRe'eHToR	ferojata FeRoIEHTe	ferōdo FeRoVTo
1st incl. pl.	ferowoður FeRoUoZHUR	ferōwoður FeRo'oUoZHUR	feroiweðu FeRoIEUeZHU	feroweso FeRoUeSo
1st excl. pl.	feromoður FeRoMoZHUR	ferōmoður FeRo'oMoZHUR	feroimeðu FeRoIEMeZHU	feromeso FeRoMeSo
2nd plural	fereðawor FeReZHUoR	ferēðawor FeRe'eZHUoR	feroiðawe FeRoIEZHUe	fereteso FeReTeSo
3rd plural	feroror FeRoRoR	ferōror FeRo'oRoR	feroire FeRoIERe	feresto FeRoeSTo
1st incl. du. + pl.	ferowoður FeRoUoZHUR	ferōwoður FeRo'oUoZHUR	feroiweðu FeRoIEUeZHU	feroweno FeRoUeNo
1st excl. du. + pl.	feromoður FeRoMoZHUR	ferōmoður FeRo'oMoZHUR	feroimeðu FeRoIEMeZHU	feromeno FeRoMeNo
2nd dual + pl.	fereðawor FeReZHUoR	ferēðawor FeRe'eZHUoR	feroiðawe FeRoIEZHUe	fereteno FeReTeNo
3rd dual + pl.	ferontor FeRoNToR	ferōntor FeRo'oNToR	ferojente FeRoIENTe	feronto FeRoeNTo
Participle	feromenos FeRoMENoS
Infinitive	feromun FeRoMN

Perfective active
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	ferēsum FeRēSM	ferēsō FeRēSōU	ferešēm FeReSIeEM	ferēsmu FeRēSMU
2nd singular	ferēs FeRēSS	ferēsesi FeRēSeSI	ferešēs FeReSIeES	ferēs FeRēS
3rd singular	ferēst FeRēST	ferēseti FeRēSeTI	ferešēt FeReSIeET	ferēstu FeRēSTU
1st incl. dual	fereswah FeReSUeH	ferēsowai FeRēSoUeHI	feresīwah FeReSIEUeH	fereswau FeReSUeHU
1st excl. dual	feresmah FeReSMeH	ferēsomai FeRēSoMeHI	feresīmah FeReSIEMeH	feresmau FeReSMeHU
2nd dual	ferestah FeReSTeH	ferēsetai FeRēSeTeHI	feresītah FeReSIETeH	ferestau FeReSTeHU
3rd dual	feresodi FeReSVTI	ferēsōdi FeRēSoVTI	feresejōd FeReSIEeVT	feresodu FeReSVTU
1st incl. pl.	fereswes FeReSUeS	ferēsowesi FeRēSoUeSI	feresīwes FeReSIEUeS	fereswesu FeReSUeSU
1st excl. pl.	feresmes FeReSMeS	ferēsomesi FeRēSoMeSI	feresīmes FeReSIEMeS	feresmesu FeReSMeSU
2nd plural	fereste FeReSTe	ferēsetesi FeRēSeTeSI	feresīte FeReSIETe	ferestesu FeReSTeSU
3rd plural	feresest FeReSeST	ferēsesti FeRēSeSTI	feresīst FeReSIEeST	feresestu FeReSeSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	fereswen FeReSUeN	ferēsoweni FeRēSoUeNI	feresīwen FeReSIEUeN	fereswenu FeReSUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	feresmen FeReSMeN	ferēsomeni FeRēSoMeNI	feresīmen FeReSIEMeN	feresmenu FeReSMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	ferester FeReSTeR	ferēseteni FeRēSeTeNI	feresīter FeReSIETeR	ferestenu FeReSTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	feresunt FeReSNT	ferēsonti FeRēSoNTI	feresīnt FeReSIEeNT	feresuntu FeReSNTU
Participle	feresonts FeReSoNTS
Infinitive	feresos FeReSoS

Perfective mediopassive
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	feresa FeReSHe	ferēsōr FeRēSoHoR	feresīha FeReSIEHe	ferēsmo FeRēSMo
2nd singular	feresþa FeReSTHe	ferēseþor FeRēSeTHoR	feresīþa FeReSIETHe	ferēso FeRēSSo
3rd singular	fereste FeReSTe	ferēsetor FeRēSeToR	feresīte FeReSIETe	ferēsto FeRēSTo
1st incl. dual	feresawe FeReSHUe	ferēsāwor FeRēSe'eHUoR	feresejawe FeReSIEHUe	fereswō FeReSUeHo
1st excl. dual	feresame FeReSHMe	ferēsāmor FeRēSe'eHMoR	feresejame FeReSIEHMe	feresmō FeReSMeHo
2nd dual	feresaþa FeReSHTHe	ferēsāþor FeRēSe'eHTHoR	feresejaþa FeReSIEHTHe	ferestō FeReSTeHo
3rd dual	feresate FeReSHTe	ferēsātor FeRēSe'eHToR	feresejate FeReSIEHTe	feresodo FeReSVTo
1st incl. pl.	feresweðu FeReSUeZHU	ferēsowoður FeRēSoUoZHUR	feresīweðu FeReSIEUeZHU	feresweso FeReSUeSo
1st excl. pl.	feresmeðu FeReSMeZHU	ferēsomoður FeRēSoMoZHUR	feresīmeðu FeReSIEMeZHU	feresmeso FeReSMeSo
2nd plural	feresðawe FeReSZHUe	ferēseðawor FeRēSeZHUoR	feresīðawe FeReSIEZHUe	feresteso FeReSTeSo
3rd plural	feresre FeReSRe	ferēsoror FeRēSoRoR	feresīre FeReSIERe	feresesto FeReSeSTo
1st incl. du. + pl.	feresweðu FeReSUeZHU	ferēsowoður FeRēSoUoZHUR	feresīweðu FeReSIEUeZHU	feresweno FeReSUeNo
1st excl. du. + pl.	feresmeðu FeReSMeZHU	ferēsomoður FeRēSoMoZHUR	feresīmeðu FeReSIEMeZHU	feresmeno FeReSMeNo
2nd dual + pl.	feresðawe FeReSZHUe	ferēseðawor FeRēSeZHUoR	feresīðawe FeReSIEZHUe	feresteno FeReSTeNo
3rd dual + pl.	feresunte FeReSNTe	ferēsontor FeRēSoNToR	feresīnte FeReSIEeNTe	feresunto FeReSNTo
Participle	feresmenos FeReSMENoS
Infinitive	feresmun FeReSMN

Stative
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative
1st singular	fevora FeFoRHe	feverō FeFeRōU	fevarjēm FeFRIeEM	fevormu FeFoRMU
2nd singular	fevorþa FeFoRTHe	feveresi FeFeReSI	fevarjēs FeFRIeES	fevor FeFoR
3rd singular	fevore FeFoRe	fevereti FeFeReTI	fevarjēt FeFRIeET	fevortu FeFoRTU
1st incl. dual	fevrawe FeFRHUe	feverowai FeFeRoUeHI	fevrīwah FeFRIEUeH	fevarwau FeFRUeHU
1st excl. dual	fevrame FeFRHMe	feveromai FeFeRoMeHI	fevrīmah FeFRIEMeH	fevarmau FeFRMeHU
2nd dual	fevraþa FeFRHTHe	feveretai FeFeRoTeHI	fevrītah FeFRIETeH	fevartau FeFRTeHU
3rd dual	fevrate FeFRHTe	feverōdi FeFeRoVTI	fevrejōd FeFRIEeVT	fevrōdu FeFReVTU
1st incl. pl.	fevarwe FeFRUe	feverowesi FeFeRoUeSI	fevrīwes FeFRIEUeS	fevarwesu FeFRUeSU
1st excl. pl.	fevarme FeFRMe	feveromesi FeFeRoMeSI	fevrīmes FeFRIEMeS	fevarmesu FeFRMeSU
2nd plural	fevarše FeFRSe	feveretesi FeFeReTeSI	fevrīte FeFRIETe	fevartesu FeFRTeSU
3rd plural	fevrēr FeFReRS	feveresti FeFeReSTI	fevrīnt FeFRIEeNT	fevrestu FeFReSTU
1st incl. du. + pl.	fevarwe FeFRUe	feveroweni FeFeRoUeNI	fevrīwen FeFRIEUeN	fevarwenu FeFRUeNU
1st excl. du. + pl.	fevarme FeFRMe	feveromeni FeFeRoMeNI	fevrīmen FeFRIEMeN	fevarmenu FeFRMeNU
2nd dual + pl.	fevarše FeFRSe	fevereteni FeFeReTeNI	fevrīter FeFRIETeR	fevartenu FeFRTeNU
3rd dual + pl.	fevrēr FeFReRS	feveronti FeFeRoNTI	fevrīnt FeFRIEeNT	fevrentu FeFReNTU
Participle	feverwos FeFeRUoS
Infinitive	fevertus FeFeRTUS

This is an example of a regular thematic verb, with a sigmatic aorist (the only productive way of forming perfectives from imperfectives). The sigmatic aorist has an ē/e ablaut, which applies to the stem for athematic imperfectives and the thematic vowel for thematic imperfectives.

Many older verbs, both athematic and thematic, feature a reduplicated perfect (lelik- for L-IQ and fevr- for F-R, two of the verbs listed above). However, there is the suffixal stative -ējeti, which conjugates identically to a thematic active imperfective, despite its stative meaning, and is used where the verb stem cannot be reduplicated.

Syntax

A clause generally consists, at a minimum, of two components: a clause-introducing particle and a finite verb. The full structure of the clause is as follows:

Clause-initial particle (obligatory)
Nominative pronominal clitic (optional)
Dative pronominal clitic (optional)
Accusative pronominal clitic (optional)
Auxillary sentence particle (optional)
Subject noun phrase (optional)
Indirect object noun phrase (optional)
Direct object noun phrase (optional)
Adverbs (optional)
Verb (obligatory)

The clause-initial particle is one of nu- (NU-), so- (So-), to- (To-), and e- (Ee-). These serve to mark the beginning of a sentence. The unmarked clause-initial particle is so-, with nu- being used to emphasise a present, ongoing occurrence, and e- being used to emphasise an occurrence in the past. The particle to- marks subordinate clauses.

The nominative pronominal clitic is only found in the third person; no first or second person nominative pronominal clitics are found. This clitic agrees with the subject in number and gender:

-os- (-oS-): masculine singular
-ah- (-eH-): feminine singular
-ot- (-oT-): neuter singular
-ō- (-oV-): masculine dual
-ag- (-eHV-): feminine dual
-oi- (-oIE-): neuter dual
-ois- (-o'eS-): masculine plural
-ās- (-eHeS-): feminine plural
-ah- (-eH-): neuter plural

The other pronominal clitics have forms for all three persons. The first and second person clitics are listed in the pronouns section above, while the third person clitics are the following:

-om- (-oM-): masculine singular accusative
-ām- (-eHM-): feminine singular accusative
-ot- (-oT-): neuter singular accusative
-ō- (-oE-): masculine dual accusative
-ah- (-eHE-): feminine dual accusative
-oi- (-oIE-): neuter dual accusative
-ons- (-oMS-): masculine plural accusative
-āns- (-eHMS-): feminine plural accusative
-ah- (-eH-): neuter plural accusative
-sei- (-SeI-): singular dative
-ivām- (-IFeHM-): dual dative
-ivos- (-IFoS-): plural dative

The three auxillary sentence particles are -kom (-KoM), -som (-SoM) and -pot (-PoT). The particle -þom indicates a completed action, while -som indicates an action done together ("they run together" as opposed to "they run [in different directions]"). The particle -pot is an emphatic particle.

Note that the existence of a noun phrase representing an argument of the verb precludes the appearance of its corresponding pronominal clitic.

If the clause is "minimal" (i.e. only the clause-initial particle and the verb are present), then conventionally they are pronounced and written as if they are only one word (e.g. Nwedmi, NUeDMI, "I am eating now").

The maximal clause consists not only of a clause-initial particle, a verb and an auxillary sentence particle, but also a full complement of either pronominal clitics, noun phrases or some combination of both. The following example exhibits a maximal clause with pronominal clitics:

Eāmojotkom čes doveut.

Ee'eHMoIoTKoM ZŽIeS DVFeUT.

/e.aː.mo.jot.kom ˈt͡ɕes ˈdo.veu̯t/

E-ah-moi-ot-kom čes do-few-t.

Ee-eH-MoI-oT-KoM ZŽIeS DV-FeU-T.

PST.EMP-3s.FEM.NOM-1s.DAT-3s.NEUT.ACC-COMPL yesterday give.PFV-PST-3s

She already gave it to me yesterday.

In some cases (such as with interrogatives), the verb, an adverb, or one of the verb's arguments may be fronted to the leftmost position, replacing the clause-initial particle. This fronted component may be followed by a linking particle -ke (-Qe, "and"), which is in turn followed by the usual clitics (the clitics cannot occur without a linking element):

... begnowes-kesom angim.

... WeWNoUeS-QeSoM HeNWIM.

/ˈbeg.no.we.ke.som ˈaŋ.gim/

... be~gn-owes=ke-som ang-im.

... We~WN-oUeS=Qe-SoM HeNW-IM.

... PFV~kill-1p.INCL-and-together snake-SG.ACC

... and we kill the snake together.

Other linking particles include -we (-Ue, "or"), -neke (-NeQe, "nor", effectively ne + -ke) and -de (-De, "but"). Prohibitives use the linking particle -mē (-MeE) in conjunction with a fronted verb in the subjunctive.

One prominent class of verb-fronted clauses are imperatives. Syntactically, imperatives require the verb to be at the front of the sentence, and typically do not have any linking particles, meaning that no pronominal clitics may occur.

Vocabulary

Family

English	Word	Nom. Sg.	Gen. Sg.	Loc. Sg.	Nom. Pl.
father	PHTR m	patēr PHTeRS	patres PHTReS	pateri PHTeRI	pateres PHTeReS
mother	MHTR f	mātēr MeHTeRS	mātars MeHTRS	mātri MeHTRI	māteres MeHTeReS
brother	FRHTR m	frātēr FReHTeRS	frātars FReHTRS	frātri FReHTRI	frāteres FReHTeReS
sister	SUSR f	swesōr SUeSoRS	susres SUSReS	suheri SUSeRI	swesores SUeSoReS
son	SUVNU m	sūnus SUVNUS	sūneus SUVNeUS	sūnewi SUVNeUI	sūnewes SUVNeUeS
daughter	ZUGHTR f	þwegatar ZUeGHTRS	þugatres ZUGHTReS	þugateri ZUGHTeRI	þwegatres ZUeGHTReS
grandfather	HUH m	awos HeUHoS	awošo HeUHoSIo	awai HeUHeI	awois HeUHo'eS
grandmother	HUH f	aus HeUHS	huwas HUHeS	awi HeUHI	awas HeUHeS
nephew	NPT m	nepōts NePōTS	umptes NPTeS	umpeti NPeTI	nepotes NePoTeS
niece	NPTIH f	neptih NePTIH	nepcās NePTIeHS	nepcai NePTIeHI	neptīs NePTIHeS
uncle	HUHL m	hūlos HUHLoS	hūlošo HUHLoSIo	hūlei HUHLeI	hūlois HUHLo'eS
aunt	HUHL f	hūlah HUHLeH	hūlās HUHLeHS	hūlai HUHLeHI	hūlās HUHLeHeS
grandson	SMNPT m	sunnepōts SMNePōTS	smumptes SMNPTeS	smumpeti SMNPeTI	sunnepotes SMNePoTeS
granddaughter	SMNPTIH f	sunneptih SMNePTIH	sunnepcās SMNePTIeHS	sunnepcai SMNePTIeHI	sunneptīs SMNePTIHeS
child	ÐNEMN n	ðenemun ÐeNEMN	ðunemens ÐNEMeNS	ðunemeni ÐNEMeNI	ðenemuna ÐeNEMNH
parent	ÐNETR m/f	ðenetōr ÐeNEToRS	ðunetres ÐNETReS	ðuneteri ÐNETeRI	ðenetores ÐeNEToReS
cousin	SMÐNET n	sunðenetom SMÐeNEToM	sunðenetošo SMÐeNEToSIo	sunðenetei SMÐeNETeI	sunðenetah SMÐeNETeH
family	ÐNET f	ðenetah ÐeNETeH	ðenetās ÐeNETeHs	ðenetai ÐeNETeHI	ðenetās ÐeNETeHeS
race/lineage	ÐNES n	ðenos ÐeNEoS	ðenesos ÐeNEeSoS	ðenesi ÐeNEeSI	ðenōs ÐeNEoSH

Note that many Proto-Indo-European words for relatives do not have reflexes in this language; this is due to the vast differences between the old Donsilan culture and those of the Neolithic peoples of Eurasia. One aspect is that in this language there are no words describing relations by marriage (the words for husband and wife given below have a meaning closer to "lord" or "master").

Numeral roots

1	EIN, SM
2	DU
3	TRI
4	QTUR
5	PNQ
6	UÞS
7	SPTM
8	VÞT
9	ENUN
10	DÞMT

Swadesh list

The principal parts listed are:

For nouns:
- Nominative singular
- Genitive singular
- Locative singular
- Nominative plural
- Nominative collective (if applicable)
- Genitive collective (if applicable)
For adjectives:
- Masculine nominative singular
- Masculine genitive singular
- Masculine locative singular
- Masculine nominative plural
- Feminine nominative singular
- Feminine genitive singular
For verbs:
- Third person singular present indicative imperfective (mediopassive if deponent, active otherwise)
- Third person dual/plural present indicative imperfective (mediopassive if deponent, active otherwise)
- Third person singular present indicative perfective (mediopassive if deponent, active otherwise)
- Third person dual/plural present indicative perfective (mediopassive if deponent, active otherwise)
- Third person singular present indicative stative
- Third person plural present indicative stative

No.	English	Root	Word	Principal parts					Collective
1	I	EÐH, EM	eðom EeÐHoM
2	you (singular)	TU	tuh TUH
3	he	EI	ei EeI
4	we	U, US, M, NS	weis UeIS meis MeIS
5	you (plural)	IU, IS	juis IUES
6	they	EI	eis EeIeS
7	this	Þ	þos ÞoS
8	that	S, T	so So
9	here	ÞI	þi ÞI
10	there	HN	an HeN
11	who	Q	kis QIS
12	what	Q	kis QIS
13	where	Q	kesmi QeSMI
14	when	Q	daiteiskid DHITeISQID
15	how	Q	koi QoI
16	not	N	un-, ne N, Ne
17	all	HL	alnos HeLNoS
18	many	MNX	monogos MoNoXoS
19	some	KIL	kailos KaILoS
20	few	PHU	pāus PeHUS
21	other	HLI	aljos HeLIoS
22	one	EIN	oinos EoINoS
23	two	DU	dwō DUoE
24	three	TRI	treis TReIeS
25	four	QTUR	ketwores QeTUoReS
26	five	PNQ	penke PeNQe
27	big	MÐH	meðas MeÐHS	unðas MÐHeS	meðai MeÐHI	meðas MeÐHeS	meðaih MeÐHIH	unðajās MÐHIeHS
28	long	DLEX	dlegos DLEXoS
29	wide	STLV	stelos STeLVoS
30	thick	TGU	tegus TeGUS	tgeus TGeUS	tgewi TGeUI	tegewes TeGeUeS	tgewih TGeUIH	tgujās TGUIeHS
31	heavy	CRHU	grāus CReHUS	garaus CRHeUS	garawi CRHeUI	grāwes CReHeUeS	garawih CRHeUIH	garaujās CRHUIeHS
32	small	MI	miros MIRoS
33	short	MRŽU	mreðus MReŽUS	marðeus MRŽeUS	marðewi MRŽeUI	mreðewes MReŽeUeS	marðewih MRŽeUIH	marðujās MRŽUIeHS
34	narrow	HNŽ	anðros HNŽRoS
35	thin	TNHU	tenus TeNHUS	tunaus TNHeUS	tunawi TNHeUI	tenawes TeNHeUeS	tunawih TNHeUIH	tunujās TNHUIeHS
36	woman	CNH f	gēn CeNH	gnās CNeHS	gnai CNeHI	genas CeNHeS
37	man (male)	WIER m	wīros WIERoS
38	man (human)	MNU m	manus MaNUS	maneus MaNeUS	manewi MaNeUI	manewes MaNeUeS
39	child	PRV-ESTI n	progasti PRoVEaSTI	progasteis PRoVEaSTeIS	progastei PRoVEaSTeII	progasteis PRoVEaSTeIeS
40	wife	PTNIH f	potnih PoTNIH	ptunjās PTNIeHS	ptunjai PTNIeHI	potnīs PoTNIHeS
41	husband	PTI m	potis PoTIS	pteis PTeIS	ptei PTeII	poteis PoTeIeS
42	mother	MHTR f	mātēr MeHTeRS	mātars MeHTRS	mātri MeHTRI	māteres MeHTeReS
43	father	PHTR m	patēr PHTeRS	patres PHTReS	pateri PHTeRI	pateres PHTeReS
44	animal	ZUS n	þeusom ZeUSoM
45	fish	PISÞ m	pissos PISÞoS
46	bird	HUI f	awis HeUIS	hujes HUIeS	awī HeUII	awejes HeUeIeS
47	dog	ÞUN m	þwō ÞUoNS	þunes ÞUNeS	þweni ÞUeNI	þwones ÞUoNeS
48	louse	ÞNID f	þnidah ÞNIDeH
49	snake	HNWI m	angis HeNWIS	angeis HNWeIS	angei HNWeII	angeis HeNWeIeS
50	worm	URMI f	urmis URMIS	urmeis URMeIS	urmei URMeII	urmeis URMeIeS
51	tree	DRU n	doru DoRU	dreus DReUS	drewi DReUI	doruh DoRUH	derowa DeRoUa	druwes DRUeS	woods
52	forest	DRUH f	drewah DReUHeH
53	stick	ŽST n	þastom ŽSToM
54	fruit	FLVMN n	flōmun FLeVMN	flomens FLVMeNS	flomeni FLVMeNI	flōmuna FLeVMNH	flōmō FLeVMoNH	flomnes FLVMNeS	fruits
55	seed	SEMN n	sēmun SeEMN	semens SEMeNS	semeni SEMeNI	sēmuna SeEMNH	sēmō SeEMoNH	semnes SEMNeS	seeds
56	leaf	FLVI n	folojom FoLVIoM
57	root	URHD f	vrāds UReHDS	urades URHDeS	vrādi UReHDI	vrādes UReHDeS
58	bark (tree)	FREG m	feregos FeREGoS
59	flower	FLVS f	flōsah FLeVSeH
60	grass	KIN n	koinom KoINoM
61	rope	RIPN m	roipnos RoIPNoS
62	skin	PLN n	pelnom PeLNoM
63	meat	MMS n	mēms MēMS	memsos MeMSoS	memsi MeMSI	mēmsa MēMSH	memsa MeMSH	unses MMSeS	meat(s)
64	blood	ESH(R/N) n	esar EeSHR	esans ESHeNS	esani ESHeNI	esara EeSHRH	esō EeSHoNH	esanes ESHNeS	blood(s)
65	bone	HSTS n	osc HoSTS	ascos HeSTSoS	asci HeSTSI	osca HoSTSH	astōs HeSToSH	asces HSTSeS	skeleton
66	fat (noun)	SMRU m	smerus SMeRUS	smareus SMReUS	smarewi SMReUI	smerewes SMeReUeS
67	egg	HUI n	ōjom HōUIoM
68	horn	ÞRHN n	þaranom ÞRHNoM
69	tail	ERSEH f	erhah EeRSeEeH
70	feather	PTH(R/N) n	petar PeTHR	ptans PTHeNS	ptani PTHeNI	petara PeTHRH	petōr PeTHoRH	ptares PTHReS	plumage, wing
71	hair	PULH n	pula PULH	pulas PULHeS	pulai PULHeI	pulah PULHH	puloh PULoH	pulas PULHeS	hair (collective)
72	head	KPUT n	kaput KaPUT	kapwets KaPUeTS	kapweti KaPUeTI	kaputa KaPUTH
73	ear	HUS n	ōus HōUS	ausos HeUSoS	ausi HeUSI	ōusa HōUSH
74	eye	VQ n	oks VoQS	oks VeQS	oki VeQI	oka VoQH
75	nose	NHS f	nās NeHSS	unases NHSeS	nāsi NeHSI	nāses NeHSeS
76	mouth	EV m	ōgos EoVoS
77	tooth	VDNT m	odonts VDoNTS	oduntes VDNTeS	odonti VDoNTI	odontes VDoNTeS
78	tongue	DNŽUH f	dunðwah DNŽUeH
79	fingernail	VNX m	onōgs VNōXS	oneges VNeXeS	onegi VNeXI	onoges VNoXeS
80	foot	PD m	pōds PōDS	peds PeDS	pedi PeDI	podes PoDeS
81	leg	KRK n	krokšom KRoKSÞoM
82	knee	ÐNU n	ðonu ÐoNU	ðneus ÐNeUS	ðnewi ÐNeUI	ðonuh ÐoNUH
83	hand	ŽSR f	þesar ŽeSRS	þsares ŽSReS	þseri ŽSeRI	þesres ŽeSReS
84	wing	PTH(R/N) n	peþar PeTHR	pþans PTHeNS	pþani PTHeNI	peþara PeTHRH	peþōr PeTHoRH	pþares PTHReS	plumage, wing
85	belly	UDR m	uderos UDeRoS
86	guts	EETR m	ēteros EeETeRoS
87	neck	QLS n	kolsom QoLSoM
88	back	PRSTH m	parstos PRSTHoS
89	breast	PSTN m	pstēn PSTeNS	pstunes PSTNeS	psteni PSTeNI	pstenes PSTeNeS
90	heart	ÞRD n	þēr ÞeRD	þardes ÞRDeS	þerdi ÞeRDI	þerda ÞeRDH	þerda ÞeRDH	þardes ÞRDeS	collective spirit
91	liver	IQ(R/N) n	jokar IoQR	jekuns IeQNS	jekni IeQNI	jokra IoQRH
92	to drink	PIB ← PIPV	pibeti PIBeTI	pibonti PIBoNTI	pēst PēVST	pōsunt PeVSNT	pepō PePoVe	pebēr PeBeRS
93	to eat	ED	edti EeDTI	edenti EDeNTI	ēct EēDST	ezunt EeDSNT	ejode EeEoDe	ēdēr EeEDeRS
94	to bite	DNÞ	denþeti DeNÞeTI	denþonti DeNÞoNTI	denþēst DeNÞēST	denþesunt DeNÞeSNT	dedonþe DeDoNÞe	dedunþēr DeDNÞeRS
95	to suck	ZEI	þējeti ZeEIeTI	þējonti ZeEIoNTI	þēst ZēEST	þēsunt ZeESNT	þeðōje ZeZoEIe	þeðejēr ZeZEIeRS
96	to spit	SPU	speweti SPeUeTI	spewonti SPeUoNTI	spewēst SPeUēST	spewesunt SPeUeSNT	sespowe SeSPoUe	sespwēr SeSPUeRS
97	to vomit	UME	wemeti UeMETI	umenti UMENTI	wēmest UēMEST	wemesunt UeMESNT	wewome UeUoMEe	weumēr UeUMeRS
98	to blow	UHT	wāteti UeHTeTI	wātonti UeHToNTI	wātēst UeHTēST	wātesunt UeHTeSNT	wewōte UeUoHTe	wewatēr UeUHTeRS
99	to breathe	PNU	pneweti PNeUeTI	pnewonti PNeUoNTI	pnēust PNēUST	pneusunt PNeUSNT	pepnowe PePNoUe	pepunwēr PePNUeRS
100	to laugh	SMI	smejeti SMeIeTI	smejonti SMeIoNTI	smēist SMēIST	smeisunt SMeISNT	smesmoje SMeSMoIe	smesumjēr SMeSMIeRS
101	to see	DRÞ	derþeti DeRÞeTI	derþonti DeRÞoNTI	derþt DeRÞT	darþent DRÞeNT	dedorþe DeDoRÞe	dedarþēr DeDRÞeRS
102	to hear	ÞLU	þalneuti ÞLNeUTI	þalnwenti ÞLNUeNTI	þleut ÞLeUT	þlunt ÞLUNT	þeþlowe ÞeÞLoUe	þeþalwēr ÞeÞLUeRS
103	to know	ÐNV	ðiðnōti ÐIÐNeVTI	ðiðnonti ÐIÐNVNTI	ðnōt ÐNeVT	ðnont ÐNVNT	ðeðnō ÐeÐNoVe	ðeðnōr ÐeÐNVeRS
104	to think	MN	munjetor MNIeToR	munjoror MNIoRoR	menste MeNSTe	mensre MeNSRe	memone MeMoNe	memnēr MeMNeRS
105	to smell	VD	odeti VeDeTI	odonti VeDoNTI	odēst VeDēST	odesunt VeDeSNT	ōde VeVoDe	ōdēr VeVDeRS
106	to fear	PR	perījeti PeRIHIeTI	perījonti PeRIHIoNTI	perījēst PeRIHIēST	perījesunt PeRIHIeSNT	perījesējeti PeRIHIeSeEIeTI	perījesējonti PeRIHIeSeEIoNTI
107	to sleep	SUP	swepeti SUePeTI	sweponti SUePoNTI	swēpst SUēPST	swepsunt SUePSNT	sweswope SUeSUoPe	swesupēr SUeSUPeRS
108	to live	CIV	gejoti CeIVeTI	gejonti CeIVoNTI	gējost CēIVST	gejosunt CeIVSNT	gegojo CeCoIVe	gegjōr CeCIVeRS
109	to die	MR	marjeti MRIeTI	marjonti MRIoNTI	mert MeRT	umrent MReNT	memore MeMoRe	memrēr MeMReRS
110	to kill	WN	benti WeNTI	bnenti WNeNTI	begnet WeWNeT	begnont WeWNoNT	begone WeWoNe	begnēr WeWNeRS
111	to fight	KHID	hižeti KHIDSÞeTI	hižonti KHIDSÞoNTI	hižēst KHIDSÞēST	hižesunt KHIDSÞeSNT	hižesējeti KHIDSÞeSeEIeTI	hižesējonti KHIDSÞeSeEIoNTI
112	to hunt	UIE	wejeti UeIETI	wijenti UIEeNTI	wējest UēIEST	wejesunt UeIESNT	wewoje UeUoIEe	wewejēr UeUIEeRS
113	to hit	PLHK	plāketi PLeHKeTI	plākonti PLeHKoNTI	plākēst PLeHKēST	plākesunt PLeHKeSNT	peplōke PePLoHKe	peplakēr PePLHKeRS
114	to cut	KRT	kerteti KeRTeTI	kertonti KeRToNTI	kertēst KeRTēST	kertesunt KeRTeSNT	kekorte KeKoRTe	kekartēr KeKRTeRS
115	to split	SKID	skinedti SKINeDTI	skindenti SKINDeNTI	skeidt SKeIDT	skident SKIDeNT	skeskoide SKeSKoIDe	skeskidēr SKeSKIDeRS
116	to stab	ZIC	þeigeti ZeICeTI	þeigonti ZeiCoNTI	þeigēst ZeiCēST	þeigesunt ZeiCeSNT	þeðoige ZeZoICe	þeðigēr ZeZICeRS
117	to scratch	GRF	gerveti GeRFeTI	gervonti GeRFoNTI	gervēst GeRFēST	gervesunt GeRFeSNT	gegorve GeGoRFe	gegarvēr GeGRFeRS
118	to dig	ZIC	þeigeti ZeICeTI	þeigonti ZeiCoNTI	þeigēst ZeiCēST	þeigesunt ZeiCeSNT	þeðoige ZeZoICe	þeðigēr ZeZICeRS
119	to swim	SNH	snāti SNeHTI	snanti SNHeNTI	snēst SNēHST	snāsunt SNeHSNT	snesnō SNeSNoHe	snesnār SNeSNHeRS
120	to fly	PTH	peþati PeTHeTI	peþonti PeTHoNTI	peþēst PeTHēST	peþasunt PeTHeSNT	pepoþa PePoTHe	pepþār PePTHeRS
121	to walk	XRZ	hreðeti XReZeTI	hreðonti XReZoNTI	hreðēst XReZēST	hreðesunt XReZeSNT	hegroðe XeXRoZe	hegarðēr XeXRZeRS
122	to come	CM	gunšeti CMSÞeTI	gunšonti CMSÞoNTI	gemt CeMT	gment CMeNT	gegome CeCoMe	gegmēr CeCMeRS
123	to lie	LX	legeti LeXeTI	legonti LeXoNTI	lēkšt LēXST	lekšunt LeXSNT	leloge LeLoXe	lelgēr LeLXeRS
124	to sit	SD	sizdeti SISDeTI	sizdonti SISDoNTI	sedt SeDT	zdent SDeNT	sesode SeSoDe	sezdēr SeSDeRS
125	to stand	STH	stistāti STISTeHTI	stistanti STISTHNTI	stāt STeHT	stant STHeNT	stestō STeSToHe	stestār STeSTHeRS
126	to turn	URT	wertti UeRTTI	urtenti URTeNTI	wērct UēRTST	wercunt UeRTSNT	weworte UeUoRTe	weurtēr UeURTeRS
127	to fall	ÞD	þedeti ÞeDeTI	þedonti ÞeDoNTI	þēct ÞēDST	þezunt ÞeDSNT	þeþode ÞeÞoDe	þeþdēr ÞeÞDeRS
128	to give	DV	dedōti DeDeVTI	deðonti DeDVNTI	dōt DeVT	ðont DVeNT	dedō DeDoVe	deðōr DeDVeRS
129	to hold	SŽ	seðeti SeŽeTI	seðonti SeŽoNTI	sēkšt SēŽST	segžunt SeŽSNT	sesoðe SeSoŽe	sezðēr SeSŽeRS
130	to squeeze	QS	keseti QeSeTI	kesonti QeSoNTI	kesēst QeSēST	kesesunt QeSeSNT	kekose QeQoSe	kekšēr QeQSeRS
131	to rub	MLH	malnāti MLNeHTI	malnanti MLNHeNTI	mēlast MēLHST	melasunt MeLHSNT	memola MeMoLHe	memlār MeMLHeRS
132	to wash	NIC	nigjeti NICIeTI	nigjonti NICIoNTI	nēikšt NēICST	neigžunt NeICSNT	nenoige NeNoICe	nenigēr NeNICeRS
133	to wipe	SURF	swerveti SUeRFeTI	swervonti SUeRFoNTI	swervēst SUeRFēST	swervesunt SUeRFeSNT	swesworve SUeSUoRFe	swesurvēr SUeSURFeRS
134	to pull	TRX	trageti TRaXeTI	tragonti TRaXoNTI	tragēst TRaXēST	tragesunt TRaXeSNT	tetroge TeTRoXe	tetargēr TeTRXeRS
135	to push	STU	stunegti STUNeGTI	stungenti STUNGeNTI	steugt STeUGT	stugent STUGeNT	studējeti STUDeEIeTI	studējonti STUDeEIoNTI
136	to throw	HIE	aijēti HIIHIeETI	aijenti HIIHIEeNTI	ajēt HIeET	ajent HIEeNT	ajējeti HIEeEIeTI	ajējonti HIEeEIoNTI
137	to tie	SR	sereti SeReTI	seronti SeRoNTI	jeugt IeUGT	jugent IUGeNT	sesore SeSoRe	sesrēr SeSReRS
138	to sew	SIUE	šeweti SIeUEeTI	šewonti SIeUEoNTI	šēwest SIēUEST	šewesunt SIeUESNT	šešowe SIeSIoUEe	šešwēr SIeSIUEeRS
139	to count	DL	deleti DeLeTI	delonti DeLoNTI	dēlst DēLST	delsunt DeLSNT	dedole DeDoLe	dedlēr DeDLeRS
140	to say	UQ	wekti UeQTI	ukenti UKeNTI	weuket UeUKeT	weukont UeUKoNT	wewoke UeUoQe	weukēr UeUKeRS
141	to sing	KHN	kaneti KHNeTI	kanonti KHNoNTI	kēnst KēHNST	kānsunt KeHNSNT	kekōne KeKoHNe	kekanēr KeKHNeRS
142	to play	BL	beleti BeLeTI	belonti BeLoNTI	bēlst BēLST	belsunt BeLSNT	bebole BeBoLe	beblēr BeBLeRS
143	to float	PLU	plowejeti PLoUeIeTI	plowejonti PLoUeIeNTI	plowejēst PLoUeIēST	plowejesunt PLoUeIeSNT	plowejesējeti PLoUeIeSeEIeTI	plowejesējonti PLoUeIeSeEIoNTI
144	to flow	PLU	pleweti PLeUeTI	plewonti PLeUoNTI	pleut PLeUT	pluwent PLUeNT	peplowe PePLoUe	peplowēr PePLUeRS
145	to freeze	GL	golejeti GoLeIeTI	golejonti GoLeIeNTI	golejēst GoLeIēST	golejesunt GoLeIeSNT	golejesējeti GoLeIeSeEIeTI	golejesējonti GoLeIeSeEIoNTI
146	to swell	TUH	tewati TeUHeTI	tewonti TeUHoNTI	tēwast TēUHST	tewasunt TeUHSNT	tetowa TeToUHe	tetwār TeTUeRS
147	sun	SHU(L/N) n	sōul SoHUL	sawens SHUeNS	saweni SHUeNI	sōula SoHULH	sāwōl SeHUoLH	saunes SHUNeS	suns (of a single planet)
148	moon	MENS m	mēns MēENSS	mēnsos MeENSoS	mēnsi MeENSI	mēnses MēENSeS	mēnōs MeENoSH	menses MENSeS	moons (of a single planet)
149	star	HESTR m	hastēr HESTeRS	hastres HESTReS	hasteri HESTeRI	hasteres HESTeReS	āstōr HeESToRH	hastres HESTReS	constellation
150	water	UDR n	wodar UoDR	weduns UeDNS	wedni UeDNI	wodra UoDRH	wedōr UeDoRH	udnes UDNeS	water(s)
151	rain	HKMN m	akmō HeKMoNS	akumnes HKMNeS	akmeni HKMeNI	akmones HeKMoNeS
152	river	HQH f	akah HeQeH
153	lake	HPV m	apō HePVoNS	apones HPVNeS	aponi HPVeNI	apones HePVoNeS
154	sea	MRI n	mori MoRI	mreis MReIS	mrei MReII	morih MoRIH	meroi MeRoIH	mrijes MRIeS	seas, oceans
155	salt	SHL f	sāls SeHLS	sales SHLeS	sali SHeLI	sāles SeHLeS
156	stone	HÞMN m	aþmō HeÞMoNS	aþumnes HÞMNeS	aþmeni HÞMeNI	aþmones HeÞMoNeS
157	sand	SMHZ m	samaðos SaMHZoS
158	dust	PRS m	parsos PRSoS
159	earth	ZŽM f	þeðōm ZeŽoMS	čmes ZŽMeS	čemi ZŽeMI	þeðomes ZeŽoMeS
160	cloud	NF m	nevos NeFoS
161	fog	SNUZ n	sneuðom SNeUZoM
162	sky	DIU m	zēus DIēUS	diwes DIUeS	zewi DIeUI	zewes DIeUeS
163	wind	HUENT m	awēnts HUeENTS	hūntes HUENTeS	awēnti HUeENTI	awēntes HUeENTeS
164	snow	SNIW f	sneigs SNeIWS	sniges SNIWeS	sneigi SNeIWI	sneiges SNeIWeS
165	ice	IÐ n	joðom IoÐoM
166	smoke	ZUHM m	þūmos ZUHMoS
167	fire	ENCNI m PHU(R/N) n	engnis ENCNIS pāur PeHUR	engneis ENCNeIS pawens PHUeNS	engnei ENCNeII paweni PHUeNI	engneis ENCNeIeS pāura PeHURH	pāwōr PeHUoRH	paunes PHUNeS	fires, flames
168	ash	VSN m	osnos VeSNoS
169	to burn	ZW	þegeti ZeWeTI	þegonti ZeWoNTI	þēkšt ZēWST	þegžunt ZeWSNT	čējeti ZWeEIeTI	čējonti ZWeEIoNTI
170	road	PNTE m	pontōs PoNToES	puntes PNTEeS	pontoi PoNToEI	pontois PoNToEeS
171	mountain	FRŽ m	ferðos FeRŽoS
172	red	ERUZ	erouðos ERoUZoS
173	green	HUSR	ausros HeUSRoS
174	yellow	ŽLVR	þaloros ŽLVRoS
175	white	ELF	alvos EaLFoS
176	black	KRSN	karsnos KRSNoS
177	night	NQT f	nokts NoQTS	nekts NeQTS	nekti NeQTI	noktes NoQTeS
178	day	DIN m	deinos DeINoS
179	year	IER n	jōrom IoERoM
180	warm	TPR	tepros TePRoS
181	cold	GLR	galros GLRoS
182	full	PLEN	palenos PLENoS
183	new	NU	newos NeUoS
184	old	SN	senos SeNoS
185	good	FD	fados FaDoS
186	bad	HUP	awapos HUaPoS
187	rotten	PUR	puros PURoS
188	dirty	SURDR	surdros SURDRoS
189	straight	VRÐT	oreðdos VReÐToS
190	round	SKRK	skerkos SKeRKoS
191	sharp	HÞR	aþros HÞRoS
192	dull	ZULR	ðulros ZULRoS
193	smooth	XLHZR	halaðros XLHZRoS
194	wet	UD	wēdos UēDoS
195	dry	TRS	tarsros TRSRoS
196	correct	UER	wēros UeERoS
197	near	EPI	epi EePI
198	far	UI	wi UI
199	right	DÞSIU	dekšiwos DeÞSIUoS
200	left	SUI	seujos SeUIoS
201	at	HD	ad HeD
202	in	EN	en EeN
203	with	ÞM	þom ÞoM
204	and	-Q	-ke -Qe
205	if	ID	ida IDa
206	because	TIE	tī TIE
207	name	ENMN n	enomun ENoMN	enemuns ENeMNS	enemni ENeMNI	enomna ENoMNH

Language scratchpad/Altlangs/Donsilan languages

Contents

Unnamed language

Phonology

Vowels and diphthongs

Consonants

Writing system

Transliteration examples

Nouns

General endings

o-stems

ā-stems

i-stems

u-stems

n-stems

Adjectives

Thematic

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

Ordinal numbers

Adverbial numbers

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Demonstratives

Verbs

Syntax

Vocabulary

Family

Numeral roots

Swadesh list

Navigation menu

Language scratchpad/Altlangs/Donsilan languages

Unnamed language

Phonology

Vowels and diphthongs

Consonants

Writing system

Transliteration examples

Nouns

General endings

o-stems

ā-stems

i-stems

u-stems

n-stems

Adjectives

Thematic

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

Ordinal numbers

Adverbial numbers

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Demonstratives

Verbs

Syntax

Vocabulary

Family

Numeral roots

Swadesh list

Navigation menu

Search