Nillonan language

The Nillonan language (Nillonan: lemba nellonēse) is a language spoken in the central region of the continent of Nodaima. It is one of the four official languages of the Kingdom of Cedysna.

Nillonan is descended from Latin.

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial				Coronal				Dorsal
	Bilabial		Labiodental		Dental		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Palatal		Velar		Labiovelar
Nasal		m						n				ɲ		(ŋ)
Stop	p	b					t	d					k	g	kʷ
Fricative			f	v	θ		s	z	ɕ	ʑ	(ç)		x
Affricate							t͡s		t͡ɕ	d͡ʑ
Approximant								l				j ʎ				w
Flap								ɾ

All consonants can be geminated (lengthened), except /j/ and /w/. A geminated /ɾ/ is realised as [r] (a trill). Note that all intervocalic /s/ is geminated (short intervocalic /s/ had changed to /z/ centuries ago), meaning any <s> occurring between vowels actually represents /ss/.

The following consonants can be palatalised by morphological suffixes:

• /n/ > /ɲ/ (<nj>)
• /l/ > /ʎ/ (<lj>)
• /s/ > /ɕ/ (<š>)
• /z/ > /ʑ/ (<ž>)
• /k/ > /tɕ/ (<č>)
• /g/ > /dʑ/ (<ǧ>)
• /t/ > /ts/ (<c>)
• /d/ > /z/ (<z>)
• /v/ > /j/ (<j>)

Stress

In Nillonan, the syllable in which stress falls is determined by the following rules, from top to bottom:

• Monosyllabic words do not have stress.
• Disyllabic words always have the stress on the first syllable.
• If the penultimate syllable is bimoraic (either having a long vowel or ending in a consonant cluster) or trimoraic (having both), it is stressed.
• Otherwise, if the antepenultimate syllable is bimoraic or trimoraic, it is stressed.
• If neither the antepenultimate nor the penultimate syllable are bimoraic or trimoraic, stress falls on the antepenultimate syllable if a hiatus (no consonant) separates the penultimate and final syllables.
• Otherwise, stress falls on the penultimate syllable.

Note that consonants followed by a semivowel, /l/ or /ɾ/ are considered to be part of the following syllable, meaning it does not increase the length of the preceeding syllable for purposes of stress determination. Conversely, geminated consonants are considered to be part of both syllables. Diphthongs are considered to be long vowels for the purposes of stress determination.

Grammar

Nouns

In Nillonan, nouns (Nillonan: lo nome, lo nome soťťantivo, pl. la nomia, la nomia soťťantiva) can decline for four cases and two numbers. In general, they can be split into three declension classes.

Nillonan nouns have the following cases (Nillonan: el kazo, pl. eli kazi):

• The nominative case (Nillonan: nomenativo), which denotes the subject of a clause.
• The accusative case (Nillonan: akkuzativo), which denotes the direct object.
• The genitive case (Nillonan: ǧenetivo), which denotes a possessor or modifier.
• The dative case (Nillonan: dativo), which denotes an indirect object.

Some nouns, particularly names, may have a vocative case (Nillonan: vokativo) separate from the nominative.

First declension

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ťella	ťelle
Accusative	ťella	ťellas
Genitive	ťelle	ťellarō
Dative	ťelle	ťellavos

In some dialects, the accusative singular is marked with -ā instead of -a. The suffix -ā is older, having descended from Latin -am, while -a descends from the Latin ablative singular suffix -ā.

Second declension

Declension of a masculine second declension noun:

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	muro	muri
Accusative	muro	muros
Genitive	muri	murorō
Dative	mure	murovos

In some dialects, the nominative singular is -os and the accusative singular is -ō. These suffixes are older, having descended from the Latin nominative and accusative singular suffixes -us and um, respectively; -o descends from the Latin ablative singular suffix -ō. The dative singular suffix -e is by analogy with the first declension; the old suffix was -o, which was identical to the nominative and accusative singular suffixes.

Declension of a neuter second declension noun:

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ovo	ova
Accusative	ovo	ova
Genitive	ovi	ovorō
Dative	ove	ovovos

In some dialects, the nominative and accusative singular suffix is -ō.

Third declension

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	notte	nottes
Accusative	notte	nottes
Genitive	nottes	notterō
Dative	notti	nottevos

Some nouns have irregular nominative singular forms (e.g. omo for "man", where the genitive is omenes). In some dialects, the nominative singular suffix is -(i)s (which descends from the Latin nominative singular -(i)s) and the accusative singular suffix is -ē (which descends from the Latin accusative singular -em), instead of -e (which descends from the Latin ablative singular -e).

Neuter third declension nouns decline as follows:

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nome	nomia
Accusative	nome	nomia
Genitive	nomes	nomerō
Dative	nomi	nomevos

This represents the typical declension of neuter nouns in the third declension. Some nouns have irregular nominative and accusative singular forms. In older forms of the language, one may find nominative and accusative plurals ending in -a instead of -ia.

Within the third declension, there is a subclass of neuter nouns known as "s/r neuters". These nouns are characterised by ending in -s in the nominative and accusative singular, but having an -r- stem in other forms. An example is shown below:

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	tempos	tempora
Accusative	tempos	tempora
Genitive	tempores	temporō
Dative	tempori	temporevos

In the past, there were some s/r masculines and feminines as well; however, they have since been levelled into the regular declensional pattern.

Currently being reworked

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Clitic forms:

	First		Second		Third Masc.		Third Fem.		Third Neut.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	jo	nōs	tu	vōs	elle	elli	ella	elle	ello	ella
Accusative	me	nos	te	vos	lō	los	lā	las	lo	la
Dative	me	noves	te	voves	li	lis	li	lis	li	lis

Disjunctive forms:

	First		Second		Third Masc.		Third Fem.		Third Neut.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	jō	nōs	tū	vōs	elle	elli	ella	elle	ello	ella
Accusative	mei	nos	tei	vos	ello	ellos	ella	ellas	ello	ella
Genitive	mi-	noťr-	tu-	voťr-	su-
Dative	mei	noves	tevi	voves	elli	ellis	elli	ellis	elli	ellis

The clitic forms are only used when they directly precede (or follow, if the verb is an imperative; compare [jo] lo lis dedī "I gave it to them" to dālo-lis! "Give it to them!") a verb (i.e. there is nothing between the pronoun and the verb other than other clitic pronouns), while the disjunctive forms are used when the pronoun needs to stand alone or be part of a prepositional phrase.

The first and second person pronouns and the reflexive pronoun also have special instrumental case forms (1s: mekō, 1p: nošō, 2s: tekō, 2p: vošō, refl.: sekō), which may or may not be accompanied by the particle kon (in formal language, the addition of the particle is proscribed).

Prepositions

Nillonan possesses a large number of prepositions, which indicate the role of nouns in a sentence. Each preposition can take nouns in a particular case, which differs depending on the preposition.

Accusative prepositions

The preposition a denotes an allative (indicating the direction of an action) or the agent of a passive clause. As such, its role is largely different to its cognates in non-Nodaimese Romance languages, where it is a general dative marker. Note that this preposition has different forms depending on where it occurs:

• Before a consonant: a
• Before a vowel: ad
• Fused with the singular definite article: al
• Fused with the plural definite article: ais

Historically the definite forms declined for gender (fem. s. & neut. pl. alla, neut. s. allo, fem. pl. allas); however, these forms have since disappeared.

Currently in progress

Genitive prepositions

Currently in progress

Dative prepositions

Currently in progress

Ablative prepositions

Note that in Nillonan, the ablative (ablativo) is not a separate case. Rather, prepositions taking the "ablative" take the accusative in the singular and the dative in the plural.

The preposition de indicates an ablative. In rare cases, it can be used to indicate a genitive (currently, in the modern language, this is limited to indeclinables and titles of works). Like a, de can fuse with the definite article, giving these forms:

• Singular definite: del
• Plural definite: deis

Like with a, gendered forms (fem. s. della, neut. s. dello) originally existed, but have since disappeared. Unlike with a, the plural never had gendered forms.

Currently in progress

Adjectives

There are two classes of adjectives, depending on how they are declined. The first and second declension declines similarly to nouns in the first and second declension, while the third declension corresponds to nouns of the third declension.

Currently being reworked

Adverbs

All adjectives (with two exceptions) have two adverbial forms, a short form and a long form. For both declensions, the short form is denoted by replacing the ending of the adjective with -e. First and second declension adjectives form their long form with the suffix -amente, while third declension adjectives use -emente.

The adjectives bono (good) and malo (bad) only have short forms; the short form of bono is irregular (instead of *bone, it is bene).

Determiners

	Indefinite			Definite						Partitive
	Singular			Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nominative	uno	una	uno	el	la	lo	eli	le	la	del	da	do	deli	dele	dela
Accusative	uno	una	uno	lo	la	lo	los	las	la	do	da	do	dos	das	dela
Genitive	unjos	unjos	unjos	ljos	ljos	ljos	lorō	larō	lorō	dis	dis	dis	dorō	darō	dorō
Dative	uni	uni	uni	li	li	li	lis	lis	lis	di	di	di	dis	dis	dis

Note that the indefinite article does not have plural forms. If one needs to refer to an indefinite plural, either the article is omitted or the partitive article is used.

The partitive article is etymologically derived from de + definite article. The particle de itself, however, has all but fallen out of use as a genitive in Nillonan, as it serves the same function as the genitive case (it is still used as an ablative).

Numerals

Cardinal numerals

The numerals from 1 to 10 are as follows:

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
uno	duo	tres	patro	čimpe	ses	sette	otto	novē	dečē

The numerals for 1, 2 and 3 decline as an adjective. The numerals for 1 and 2 decline irregularly, although they resemble that of the first and second declension. The numeral for 3 declines as a regular third declension adjective. See above for the declension of 1.

The declension of 2 is shown below:

	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nominative	duo	due	duo
Accusative	duos	duas	duo
Genitive	duorō	duarō	duorō
Dative	duovos	duavos	duovos

The numerals from 11 to 20 are as follows:

11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20
undečē	dodečē	tredečē	pattordečē	pindečē	sedečē	dessette	dečotto	dečenovē	vēnti

The numerals from 30 to 2000 are as follows:

30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800	900	1000	2000
trēnta	paranta	čimpanta	sesanta	settanta	ottanta	nonanta	čento	duočenti	trečenti	patročenti	pinjenti	sešenti	settečenti	ottočenti	novečenti	mille	duo milja

A thousands system is used in Nillonan, and the long scale is used for large numbers. 1,000,000 is miljone, 1,000,000,000 is miljardo, 1,000,000,000,000 is biljone etc. Note that all cardinal numerals from a thousand onwards are nouns (of the third declension), not adjectives or determiners, which means that the noun to be quantified must be given in the genitive plural.

Ordinal numerals

Most ordinal numerals are formed directly from their corresponding cardinal numerals, with the main exceptions being the numerals for "first" and "second" (which are suppletive). All ordinals decline as a first and second declension adjective.

Ordinals from 1st to 10th:

1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th
primo	sekondo	terco	parto	pinto	sesto	settimo	ottavo	nono	dečimo

The ordinals from 11th to 16th are formed similarly to that of 10th, while the ordinals from 17th to 19th correspond to those of 7th to 9th.

Ordinals from 20th to 2000th:

20th	30th	40th	50th	60th	70th	80th	90th	100th	200th	1000th	2000th
vēntesimo	trēntesimo	parantesimo	čimpantesimo	sesantesimo	settantesimo	ottantesimo	nonantesimo	čentesimo	duočentesimo	millesimo	duo millesimo

For additive compounds, only the final component is converted into an ordinal.

Verbs

Verbs in Nillonan conjugate for person, number, mood and "tense". They can also form an infinitive, participles and a gerund.

Verbs have four principal parts. They are:

• The infinitive
• The first-person singular present indicative
• The first-person singular past indicative
• The past participle

Both the present and perfect stems fall into one of three conjugational classes. Although they usually fall into the same class, this may not always be the case. To determine which conjugational classes a verb falls in to, the first and third principal parts are to be looked at:

• First conjugation: infinitive in -are, first-person singular past indicative in -ai or -ei
• Second conjugation: infinitive in -ere, first-person singular past indicative in -ui
• Third conjugation: infinitive in -ire, first-person singular past indicative in -ī

The present participle is a third declension adjective. The past participle is a first and second declension adjective. The gerund is a second declension neuter noun. Depending on the auxillary verb used, the participles may or may not agree with the subject or object.

• Historically, if the auxillary is avere, then the past participle agrees with the object, if it exists. However, in the modern language, the neuter singular form is almost exclusively used.
• For sere and ťare, the participle agrees with the subject.

First conjugation

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	amo	amas	amať	amamos	amates	aman
	Imperfect	amavā	amavas	amavať	amavamos	amavates	amavan
	Past	amai	amaťi	amauť	amāmos	amāťes	amāron
	Future	amaro	amaras	amarať	amaramos	amarates	amaran
	Conditional	amariā	amarias	amariať	amariamos	amariates	amarian
Subjunctive	Present	amē	ames	ameť	amemos	ametes	amen
	Imperfect	amasē	amases	amaseť	amasemos	amasetes	amasen
Imperative		amē	ama	ameť	amemos	amate	amen
Infinitive		amare
Present participle		amante
Past participle		amato
Gerund		amando

Second conjugation

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	tenjo	tenes	teneť	tenemos	tenetes	tenen
	Imperfect	tenevā	tenevas	tenevať	tenevamos	tenevates	tenevan
	Past	tenui	tenyťi	tenyť	tenymos	tenyťes	tenyron
	Future	tenero	teneras	tenerať	teneramos	tenerates	teneran
	Conditional	teneriā	tenerias	teneriať	teneriamos	teneriates	tenerian
Subjunctive	Present	tenjā	tenjas	tenjať	tenjamos	tenjates	tenjan
	Imperfect	tenysē	tenyses	tenyseť	tenysemos	tenysetes	tenysen
Imperative		tenjā	tene	tenjať	tenjamos	tenete	tenjan
Infinitive		tenere
Present participle		tenente
Past participle		*teneto (the actual past participle of tenere is tento)
Gerund		tenendo

The second principal part determines whether palatalisation occurs.

Third conjugation

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	ōzo	ōdis	ōdiť	ōdimos	ōdites	ōdin
	Imperfect	ōzevā	ōzevas	ōzevať	ōzevamos	ōzevates	ōzevan
	Past	ōdī	ōdiťi	ōdūť	ōdīmos	ōdīťes	ōdīron
	Future	ōdiro	ōdiras	ōdirať	ōdiramos	ōdirates	ōdiran
	Conditional	ōdiriā	ōdirias	ōdiriať	ōdiriamos	ōdiriates	ōdirian
Subjunctive	Present	ōzā	ōzas	ōzať	ōzamos	ōzates	ōzan
	Imperfect	ōdisē	ōdises	ōdiseť	ōdisemos	ōdisetes	ōdisen
Imperative		ōzā	ōdi	ōzať	ōzamos	ōdite	ōzan
Infinitive		ōdire
Present participle		ōdinte
Past participle		ōdito
Gerund		ōdindo

Verbs in this conjugational class will always cause palatalisation with certain suffixes if the root-final consonant can be palatalised.

Irregular verbs

The verb sere is irregular:

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	sō	es	eť	somos	eťes	son
	Imperfect	erā	eras	erať	eramos	erates	eran
	Past	fui	fyťi	fyť	fymos	fyťes	fyron
	Future	sēro (ero)	sēras (eres)	sērať (ereť)	sēramos (eremos)	sērates (eretes)	sēran (eron)
	Conditional	sēriā (eriā)	sērias (erias)	sēriať (eriať)	sēriamos (eriamos)	sēriates (eriates)	sērian (erian)
Subjunctive	Present	sē	ses	seť	semos	setes	sen
	Imperfect	fysē	fyses	fyseť	fysemos	fysetes	fysen
Imperative		sē	es	seť	semos	eťe	sen
Infinitive		sere
Present participle		sente
Past participle		seto
Gerund		sendo

The forms in parentheses are archaic forms.

The verb avere is irregular:

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	ō	as	ať	amos	ates	an
	Imperfect	avā	avas	avať	avamos	avates	avan
	Past	ui	yťi	yť	ymos	yťes	yron
	Future	vero	veras	verať	veramos	verates	veran
	Conditional	veriā	verias	veriať	veriamos	veriates	verian
Subjunctive	Present	jā	jas	jať	jamos	jates	jan
	Imperfect	ysē	yses	yseť	ysemos	ysetes	ysen
Imperative		jā	vē	jať	jamos	ate	jan
Infinitive		avere
Present participle		avente
Past participle		aveto
Gerund		avendo

The verb volere is irregular:

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	volo	vols	vol	volomos	voletes	volon
	Imperfect	volevā	volevas	volevať	volevamos	volevates	volevan
	Past	volui	volyťi	volyť	volymos	volyťes	volyron
	Future	volero	voleras	volerať	voleramos	volerates	voleran
	Conditional	voleriā	volerias	voleriať	voleriamos	voleriates	volerian
Subjunctive	Present	velē	veles	veleť	velemos	veletes	velen
	Imperfect	volysē	volyses	volyseť	volysemos	volysetes	volysen
Imperative		velē	veli	veleť	velemos	velite	velen
Infinitive		volere
Present participle		volente
Past participle		voluto
Gerund		volendo

This verb is also used to form desideratives. The imperative forms of these verbs are used in conjunction with the infinitive to form polite requests.

The verb potere is irregular:

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	poso	potes	poteť	posomos	potetes	poson
	Imperfect	potevā	potevas	potevať	potevamos	potevates	potevan
	Past	potui	potyťi	potyť	potymos	potyťes	potyron
	Future	potro	potras	potrať	potramos	potrates	potran
	Conditional	potriā	potrias	potriať	potriamos	potriates	potrian
Subjunctive	Present	posē	poses	poseť	posemos	posetes	posen
	Imperfect	potysē	potyses	potyseť	potysemos	potysetes	potysen
Imperative
Infinitive		potere
Present participle		potente
Past participle		potuto
Gerund		potendo

This verb is used to indicate ability to perform an action. The present forms are derived from sere, while the future and conditional forms are irregular.

Passive voice

The passive voice is a voice in which the subject is the patient of the verb, with the agent either being omitted or given as a prepositional phrase using a (used with the accusative). The passive voice is formed by using sere followed by the past participle of the verb, which agrees with the subject (i.e. it is in the nominative case and has the same gender as the subject). Note that while this form coincides with the perfect forms of a number of verbs, the verbs which use sere for the perfect do not have passives.

An example of the passive voice, using lavare:

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	sō lavato	es lavato	eť lavato	somos lavati	eťes lavati	son lavati
	Imperfect	erā lavato	eras lavato	erať lavato	eramos lavati	erates lavati	eran lavati
	Past	fui lavato	fyťi lavato	fyť lavato	fymos lavati	fyťes lavati	fyron lavati
	Future	sēro lavato	sēras lavato	sērať lavato	sēramos lavati	sērates lavati	sēran lavati
	Conditional	sēriā lavato	sērias lavato	sēriať lavato	sēriamos lavati	sēriates lavati	sērian lavati
Subjunctive	Present	sē lavato	ses lavato	seť lavato	semos lavati	setes lavati	sen lavati
	Imperfect	fysē lavato	fyses lavato	fyseť lavato	fysemos lavati	fysetes lavati	fysen lavati
Imperative		sē lavato	es lavato	seť lavato	semos lavati	eťe lavati	sen lavati
Infinitive		sere lavato
Present participle		sente lavato
Past participle		seto lavato
Gerund		sendo lavato

Currently being reworked

Middle voice

The middle voice is a voice in which the the subject has properties of both an agent and a patient. The middle voice in Nillonan is mainly used to denote reflexives.

The middle voice is formed by placing the corresponding reflexive pronoun directly before the verb (e.g. m-ōzo for "I hear myself", mi-lavo for "I wash myself").

An example of the middle voice is found below, using lavare:

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	mi-lavo	ti-lavas	si-lavať	nu-lavamos	vu-lavates	si-lavan
	Imperfect	mi-lavavā	ti-lavavas	si-lavavať	nu-lavavamos	vu-lavavates	si-lavavan
	Past	mi-lavai	ti-lavaťi	si-lavauť	nu-lavāmos	vu-lavāťes	si-lavāron
	Future	mi-lavaro	ti-lavaras	si-lavarať	nu-lavaramos	vu-lavarates	si-lavaran
	Conditional	mi-lavariā	ti-lavarias	si-lavariať	nu-lavariamos	vu-lavariates	si-lavarian
Subjunctive	Present	mi-lavē	ti-laves	si-laveť	nu-lavemos	vu-lavetes	si-laven
	Imperfect	mi-lavasē	ti-lavases	si-lavaseť	nu-lavasemos	vu-lavasetes	si-lavasen
Imperative		lavēmi	lavati	si-laveť	lavemonnus	lavatevus	si-laven
Infinitive		lavaresi
Present participle		lavantesi
Past participle		lavatosi
Gerund		lavandosi

For ōdire:

		Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	m-ōzo	t-ōdis	s-ōdiť	nus-ōdimos	vus-ōdites	s-ōdin
	Imperfect	m-ōzevā	t-ōzevas	s-ōzevať	nus-ōzevamos	vus-ōzevates	s-ōzevan
	Past	m-ōdī	t-ōdiťi	s-ōdūť	nus-ōdīmos	vus-ōdīťes	s-ōdīron
	Future	m-ōdiro	t-ōdiras	s-ōdirať	nus-ōdiramos	vus-ōdirates	s-ōdiran
	Conditional	m-ōdiriā	t-ōdirias	s-ōdiriať	nus-ōdiriamos	vus-ōdiriates	s-ōdirian
Subjunctive	Present	m-ōzā	t-ōzas	s-ōzať	nus-ōzamos	vus-ōzates	s-ōzan
	Imperfect	m-ōdisē	t-ōdises	s-ōdiseť	nus-ōdisemos	vus-ōdisetes	s-ōdisen
Imperative		ōzāmi	ōditi	s-ōzať	ōzamonnus	ōditevus	s-ōzan
Infinitive		ōdiresi
Present participle		ōdintesi
Past participle		ōditosi
Gerund		ōdindosi

Currently being reworked

Compound forms

Not all verb forms in Nillonan are purely represented by inflections. Some forms require the use of auxillaries such as sere (to be) and avere (to be, to have).

Currently being reworked

Vocabulary

Time

General terms

English	Nillonan
second	sekonda
minute	minuta
hour	ora
day	zorno
night	notte
week	settemana
month	mēse
year	anno

Relative time

English	Nillonan
day before yesterday	antēri
yesterday	eri
today	oze
tomorrow	ammane
day after tomorrow	poťammane

Days of the week

English	Nillonan
Sunday	soleťa
Monday	luneza
Tuesday	marteťa
Wednesday	merkoriza
Thursday	joveťa
Friday	venereťa
Saturday	satorniza

Note that the Nillonan-speaking area is only incompletely Christianised, so the old names for Saturday and Sunday are still used (compared to real-life Romance languages, where they were replaced). All names are feminine.

Months of the year

English	Nillonan
January	jannarjo
February	febrarjo
March	marco
April	aprile
May	majo
June	junjo
July	juljo
August	agoťo
September	settembre
October	ottobre
November	novembre
December	dečembre

All names are adjectives. When used alone, the neuter forms are used.

Seasons

English	Nillonan
spring	primavera
summer	eťate
autumn	ōtonno
winter	iverno

Comparison with other languages

Verbal morphology

Nillonan conjugates verbs for up to five "tenses", four moods (including the conditional), person and number.

For the Vulgar Latin (Nodaimese) reconstructions, a grave accent (/è/, /ò/) represents low-mid stressed vowels and an acute accent (/é/, /ó/) represents high-mid stressed vowels. In the Nodaimese dialects of Vulgar Latin, unstressed low-mid and high-mid vowels had merged.

Comparison of the Nillonan copula

	Nillonan	Umirian	Durygan	Burdulan	Vulgar Latin (Nodaimese)	Vulgar Latin (Likkran)	Proto-Italic	Latin	French	Catalan	Occitan	Spanish	Portuguese	Italian	Sicilian	Romansh	Romanian
Infinitive
	sere	jesser	ješer	esr	*èsse(re)	*ˈɛssɛ(rɛ)	*essi	esse	être	ésser	èsser	ser	ser	essere	siri	esser	a fi/fire
Indicative Present
1st s.	sō	sou	su	su	*són	*ˈsun	*(e)zom	sum	suis	sóc	soi	soy	sou	sono	sugnu	sun	sunt
2nd s.	es	es	ješ	eh	*ès	*ˈɛs	*es	es	es	ets	siás	eres	és	sei	sì	es	ești
3rd s.	eť	e	je	es	*èst	*ˈɛst	*est	est	est	és	es	es	é	è	esti	è	este/e
1st pl.	somos	soms	somu	som	*sómos	*ˈsʊmʊs	*(e)somos	sumus	sommes	som	sèm	somos	somos	siamo	simu	essan	suntem
2nd pl.	eťes	estes	ječi	est	*èstes	*ˈɛstɪs	*(e)stes	estis	êtes	sou	sètz	sois	sois	siete	siti	essas	sunteți
3rd pl.	son	son	son	son	*sónt	*ˈsʊnt	*sent	sunt	sont	són	son	son	são	sono	sù	èn	sunt
Indicative Imperfect
1st s.	erā	era	jeraj	ar	*èrã	*ˈɛrɑ	*ezām	eram	étais	era	èri	era	era	ero	era	era	eram
2nd s.	eras	eras	jeraš	ar	*èras	*ˈɛrɑs	*ezās	erās	étais	eres	èras	eras	eras	eri	eri	eras	erai
3rd s.	erať	ere	jera	ar	*èrat	*ˈɛrat	*ezād	erat	était	era	èra	era	era	era	era	era	era
1st pl.	eramos	eraims	jeramu	aram	*erámos	*ɛˈrɑmʊs	*ezāmos	erāmus	étions	érem	èrem	éramos	éramos	eravamo	èramu	eran	eram
2nd pl.	erates	eraic	jerasi	arat	*erátes	*ɛˈrɑtɪs	*ezātes	erātis	étiez	éreu	èretz	erais	éreis	eravate	èravu	eras	erați
3rd pl.	eran	eren	jeran	aran	*èrant	*ˈɛrant	*ezānd	erant	étaient	eren	èran	eran	eram	erano	èranu	eran	erau
Indicative Past
1st s.	fui	fui	fyj	fy	*fúi	*ˈfʊwi	*fūai	fuī	fus	fui	foguèri	fui	fui	fui	fui		fusei/fui
2nd s.	fyťi	fuisti	fyč	fyst	*fúisti	*ˈɸɪsti	*fūistai	fuistī	fus	fores	foguères	fuiste	foste	fosti	fusti		fuseși/fuși
3rd s.	fyť	fuju	fyw	fy	*fújut	*ˈfʊwɪt	*fūe(d)	fuit	fut	fou	foguèt	fue	foi	fu	fu		fuse/fu
1st pl.	fymos	fuimes	fymu	fym	*fúimmos	*ˈfʊwɪmʊs	*fūomos	fuimus	fûmes	fórem	foguèrem	fuimos	foimos	fummo	fumu		fuserăm/furăm
2nd pl.	fyťes	fuistes	fyči	fyst	*fúistes	*ˈɸɪstɪs	*fūistes	fuistis	fûtes	fóreu	foguèretz	fuisteis	fostes	foste	fùstivu		fuserăți/furăți
3rd pl.	fyron	fujeren	fyron	fyron	*fuéront	*ˈɸerʊnt	*fūēri	fuērunt	furent	foren	foguèron	fueron	foram	furono	furu		fuseră/fură
Subjunctive Present
1st s.	sē	seje	ši	si	*sén	*ˈsin	*siēm	sim	sois	sigui	siái	sea	seja	sia	fussi	saja	să fiu
2nd s.	ses	seis	šiš	si	*sís	*ˈsis	*siēs	sīs	sois	siguis	siás	seas	sejas	sia	fussi	sajas	să fii
3rd s.	seť	sei	še	si	*sét	*ˈsɪt	*siēd	sit	soit	sigui	siá	sea	seja	sia	fussi	saja	să fie
1st pl.	semos	seims	šimu	siam	*símos	*ˈsimʊs	*sīmos	sīmus	soyons	siguem	siam	seamos	sejamos	siamo	fùssimu	sajan	să fim
2nd pl.	setes	seic	šisi	siat	*sítes	*ˈsitɪs	*sītes	sītis	soyez	sigueu	siatz	seáis	sejais	siate	fùssivu	sajas	să fiți
3rd pl.	sen	sein	šen	sian	*sént	*ˈsɪnt	*sīnd	sint	soient	siguin	sián	sean	sejam	siano	fùssinu	sajan	să fie

Comparison of the Nillonan first conjugation verb amare

	Nillonan	Umirian	Durygan	Burdulan	Vulgar Latin (Nodaimese)	Vulgar Latin (Likkran)	Latin	French	Catalan	Occitan	Spanish	Portuguese	Italian	Sicilian	Romansh	Romanian
Infinitive
	amare	amair	jamar	amar	*amáre	*aˈmɑrɛ	amāre	aimer	amar	amar	amar	amar	amare	amari	amar	(a -a/-are)
Indicative Present
1st s.	amo	amu	jami	am	*ámo	*ˈamo	amō	aime	amo	ami	amo	amo	amo	amu	am	(-au)
2nd s.	amas	amas	jamaš	am	*ámas	*ˈamɑs	amās	aimes	ames	amas	amas	amas	ami	ami	amas	(-ai)
3rd s.	amať	ame	jama	am	*ámat	*ˈamat	amat	aime	ama	ama	ama	ama	ama	ama	ama	(-ă)
1st pl.	amamos	amaims	jamamu	amam	*amámos	*aˈmɑmʊs	amāmus	aimons	amem	amam	amamos	amamos	amiamo	amamu	amain	(-ăm)
2nd pl.	amates	amaic	jamasi	amat	*amátes	*aˈmɑtɪs	amātis	aimez	ameu	amatz	amáis	amais	amate	amati	amais	(-ați)
3rd pl.	aman	amen	jaman	aman	*ámant	*ˈamant	amant	aiment	amen	aman	aman	amam	amano	àmanu	aman	(-au)
Indicative Imperfect
1st s.	amavā	amaiva	jamavaj	amav	*amávã	*aˈmɑvɑ	amābam	aimais	amava	amavi	amaba	amava	amavo	amavu	amava	(-am)
2nd s.	amavas	amaivas	jamavaš	amav	*amávas	*aˈmɑvɑs	amābās	aimais	amaves	amavas	amabas	amavas	amavi	amavi	amavas	(-ai)
3rd s.	amavať	amaive	jamava	amav	*amávat	*aˈmɑvat	amābat	aimait	amava	amava	amaba	amava	amava	amava	amava	(-a)
1st pl.	amavamos	amavaims	jamavamu	amavam	*amavámos	*amɑˈvɑmʊs	amābāmus	aimions	amàvem	amàvem	amábamos	amávamos	amavamo	amàvamu	amavan	(-am)
2nd pl.	amavates	amavaic	jamavasi	amavat	*amavátes	*amɑˈvɑtɪs	amābātis	aimiez	amàveu	amàvetz	amabais	amáveis	amavate	amàvati	amavas	(-ați)
3rd pl.	amavan	amaiven	jamavan	amavan	*amávant	*aˈmɑvant	amābant	aimaient	amaven	amavan	amaban	amavam	amavano	amàvanu	amaran	(-au)
Indicative Past
1st s.	amai	amai	jamej	amai	*amái	*aˈmɑwi	amāvī	aimai	amí	amèri	amé	amei	amai	amai		(-ăui)
2nd s.	amaťi	amaisti	jameč	amest	*amásti	*amɑˈwɪsti	amāvistī	aimas	amares	amères	amaste	amaste	amasti	amasti		(-ăuși)
3rd s.	amauť	amaju	jamow	amau	*amáut	*aˈmɑwɪt	amāvit	aima	amà	amèt	amó	amou	amò	amau		(-ău)
1st pl.	amāmos	amaimes	jamemu	amaim	*amámmos	*amɑˈwɪmʊs	amāvimus	aimâmes	amàrem	amèrem	amamos	amamos	amammo	amammu		(-ăurăm)
2nd pl.	amāťes	amaistes	jameči	amest	*amástes	*amɑˈwɪstɪs	amāvistis	aimâtes	amàreu	amèretz	amasteis	amastes	amaste	amàstivu		(-ăurăți)
3rd pl.	amāron	amairen	jameron	amairon	*amáront	*aˈmɑwerʊnt	amāvērunt	aimèrent	amaren	amèron	amaron	amaram	amarono	amaru		(-ăură)
Subjunctive Present
1st s.	amē	ame	jami	am	*ámẽ	*ˈame	amem	aime	ami	ame	ame	ame	ami	amu	amia	(să -au)
2nd s.	ames	ames	jameš	am	*ámes	*ˈames	amēs	aimes	amis	ames	ames	ames	ami	ami	amias	(să -ai)
3rd s.	ameť	ame	jame	am	*ámet	*ˈamɛt	amet	aime	ami	ame	ame	ame	ami	ama	amia	(să -ea)
1st pl.	amemos	amiems	jamemu	amem	*amémos	*aˈmemʊs	amēmus	aimions	amem	amem	amemos	amemos	amiamo	amamu	amian	(să -ăm)
2nd pl.	ametes	amiec	jamesi	amet	*amétes	*aˈmetɪs	amētis	aimiez	ameu	ametz	améis	ameis	amiate	amati	amias	(să -ați)
3rd pl.	amen	amen	jamen	amen	*áment	*ˈamɛnt	ament	aiment	amin	amen	amen	amem	amino	àmanu	amian	(să -ea)

Comparison of the copula with other conlangs

	Nillonan	Proto-Nodaimic	Old Nodaimese	Nodaimese	Treproan	Guruni	Tyragian	Guyani	Flefluan	Old Nethlian	Nethlian	Blylandic	Proto-Trulau-Bernimese	Trulauian
Inf.	sere	*erəpā	erapa	erapa	erapa	erape	erpa	ampe	xwon	wesan	wesan	*berima	birne
1st s.	sō	*ertei	erti	etti	ent	er	ert	ar	em(mi)	(ek) im	(ek) jam	em	*bemu	bam
2nd s.	es	*erpei	erpi	erpi	erp	erp	erp	amp	ei	(þū) ir	(þū) ea	irt	*bese	bes
3rd s.	eť	*er(lei)	erli	elli	eri	el	er	al	es	(sī) ist	(sī) is	is	*beste	bei
1st pl.	somos	*ergatei	ergati	engati	ekti	erge	ekt	ankt	em	(wīr) yramur	(wia) yrama	irem	*besumu	basum
2nd pl.	eťes	*ergapei	ergapi	engapi	ekpi	ergap	eip	ankap	est	(jūr) yrut	(jua) yrat	iret	*bestis	bet
3rd pl.	son	*erga(lei)	ergali	engali	egi	ergul	eg	anga	sen	(ijur) sind	(ijo) sind	sint	*benust	ba

Comparison with Umirian

First conjugation (amare, amair):

		Nillonan						Umirian						Vulgar Latin (Nodaimese)
		Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	amo	amas	amať	amamos	amates	aman	amu	amas	ame	amaims	amaic	amen	*ámo	*ámas	*ámat	*amámos	*amátes	*ámant
	Imperfect	amavā	amavas	amavať	amavamos	amavates	amavan	amaiva	amaivas	amaive	amavaims	amavaic	amaiven	*amávã	*amávas	*amávat	*amavámos	*amavátes	*amávant
	Past	amai	amaťi	amauť	amāmos	amāťes	amāron	amai	amaisti	amaju	amaimes	amaistes	amairen	*amái	*amásti	*amáut	*amámmos	*amástes	*amáront
	Future	amaro	amaras	amarať	amaramos	amarates	amaran	amaraju	amarais	amarai	amaraims	amaraic	amarain	*amáre ájo	*amáre áis	*amáre áit	*amáre aémos	*amáre aétes	*amáre ájent
	Conditional	amariā	amarias	amariať	amariamos	amariates	amarian	amaraja	amarajas	amaraje	amarajaims	amarajaic	amarajen	*amáre aévã	*amáre aévas	*amáre aévat	*amáre aivámos	*amáre aivátes	*amáre aévant
Subjunctive	Present	amē	ames	ameť	amemos	ametes	amen	ame	ames	ame	amiems	amiec	amen	*ámẽ	*ámes	*ámet	*amémos	*amétes	*áment
	Imperfect	amasē	amases	amaseť	amasemos	amasetes	amasen	amase	amases	amase	amasiems	amasiec	amasen	*amássẽ	*amásses	*amásset	*amassémos	*amassétes	*amássent
Imperative		amē	ama	ameť	amemos	amate	amen	ame	ama	ame	amiems	amait	amen		*áma	*ámet	*amémos	*amáte	*áment
Infinitive		amare						amair						*amáre
Present participle		amante (nom. sg.), amantes (gen. sg.)						amas (nom. sg.), amainc (gen. sg.)						*ámãs (nom. sg.), *amántes (gen. sg.)
Past participle		amato, amati; amata, amate						amaic, amaito, amaiti; amait, amaita, amaite						*amátos, *amáti; *amáta, *amáte
Gerund		amando (nom. sg.), amandi (gen. sg.)						amaindo (nom. sg.), amaindi (gen. sg.)						*amándũ (nom. sg.), *amándi (gen. sg.)

Second conjugation (tenere, tenier)

		Nillonan						Umirian						Vulgar Latin (Nodaimese)
		Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	tenjō	tenes	teneť	tenemos	tenetes	tenen	teniu	tenes	tene	teniems	teniec	tenen	*tènio	*tènes	*tènet	*tenémos	*tenétes	*tènent
	Imperfect	tenevā	tenevas	tenevať	tenevamos	tenevates	tenevan	tenieva	tenievas	tenieve	tenevaims	tenevaic	tenieven	*tenévã	*tenévas	*tenévat	*tenevámos	*tenevátes	*tenévant
	Past	tenui	tenyťi	tenyť	tenymos	tenyťes	tenyron	tenui	tenuisti	tenuju	tenuimes	tenuistes	tenujeren	*tenúi	*tenúisti	*tenújut	*tenúimmos	*tenúistes	*tenuéront
	Future	tenero	teneras	tenerať	teneramos	tenerates	teneran	teneraju	tenerais	tenerai	teneraims	teneraic	tenerain	*tenére ájo	*tenére áis	*tenére áit	*tenére aémos	*tenére aétes	*tenére ájent
	Conditional	teneriā	tenerias	teneriať	teneriamos	teneriates	tenerian	teneraja	tenerajas	teneraje	tenerajaims	tenerajaic	tenerajen	*tenére aévã	*tenére aévas	*tenére aévat	*tenére aivámos	*tenére aivátes	*tenére aévant
Subjunctive	Present	tenjā	tenjas	tenjať	tenjamos	tenjates	tenjan	tenia	tenias	teni	teniaims	teniaic	tenin	*tèniã	*tènias	*tèniat	*teniámos	*teniátes	*tèniant
	Imperfect	tenysē	tenyses	tenyseť	tenysemos	tenysetes	tenysen	tenuise	tenuises	tenuise	tenuisiems	tenuisiec	tenuisen	*tenúissẽ	*tenúisses	*tenúisset	*tenuissémos	*tenuissétes	*tenúissent
Imperative		tenjā	tene	tenjať	tenjamos	tenete	tenjan	tenia	tene	teni	teniaims	teniet	tenin		*tène	*tèniat	*teniámos	*tenéte	*tèniant
Infinitive		tenere						tenier						*tenére
Present participle		tenente (nom. sg.), tenentes (gen. sg.)						tienes (nom. sg.), tenienc (gen. sg.)						*tènẽs (nom. sg.), *tenèntes (gen. sg.)
Past participle		tento, tenti; tenta, tente						tienc, tiento, tienti; tient, tienta, tiente						*tèntos, *tènti; *tènta, *tènte
Gerund		tenendo (nom. sg.), tenendi (gen. sg.)						teniendo (nom. sg.), teniendi (gen. sg.)						*tenèndũ (nom. sg.), *tenèndi (gen. sg.)

Copula (sere, jesser):

		Nillonan						Umirian						Vulgar Latin (Nodaimese)
		Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	sō	es	eť	somos	eťes	son	sou	es	e	soms	estes	son	*són	*ès	*èst	*sómos	*èstes	*sónt
	Imperfect	erā	eras	erať	eramos	erates	eran	era	eras	ere	eraims	eraic	eren	*èrã	*èras	*èrat	*erámos	*erátes	*èrant
	Past	fui	fyťi	fyť	fymos	fyťes	fyron	fui	fuisti	fuju	fuimes	fuistes	fuiren	*fúi	*fúisti	*fújut	*fúimmos	*fúistes	*fuéront
	Future	sēro	sēras	sērať	sēramos	sērates	sēran	jeru	jers	jer	jermes	jertes	jeren	*èro	*ères	*èret	*èremos	*èretes	*èront
	Conditional	sēriā	sērias	sēriať	sēriamos	sēriates	sērian	jeria	jerias	jerie	jeriaims	jeriaic	jerien	*erévã	*erévas	*erévat	*erevámos	*erevátes	*erévant
Subjunctive	Present	sē	ses	seť	semos	setes	sen	seje	seis	sei	seims	seic	sein	*sén	*sís	*sét	*símos	*sítes	*sént
	Imperfect	fysē	fyses	fyseť	fysemos	fysetes	fysen	fuse	fuses	fuse	fusiems	fusiec	fusen	*fúissẽ	*fúisses	*fúisset	*fuissémos	*fuissétes	*fúissent
Imperative		sē	es	seť	semos	eťe	sen	seje	es	sei	seims	est	sein		*ès	*sét	*símos	*èste	*sént
Infinitive		sere						jesser						*èsse(re)
Present participle		sente (nom. sg.), sentes (gen. sg.)						sies (nom. sg.), sienc (gen. sg.)						*sẽ́s (nom. sg.), *sèntes (gen. sg.)
Past participle		seto, seti; seta, sete						siec, sieto, sieti; siet, sieta, siete						*èstos, *èsti; *èsta, *èste *sètos, *sèti; *sèta, *sète *essútos, *essúti; *essúta, *essúte
Gerund		sendo (nom. sg.), sendi (gen. sg.)						siendo (nom. sg.), siendi (gen. sg.)						*sèndũ (nom. sg.), *sèndi (gen. sg.)

The verb "to have" (avere, avier):

		Nillonan						Umirian						Vulgar Latin (Nodaimese)
		Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural			Singular			Plural
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third
Indicative	Present	ō	as	ať	amos	ates	an	aju	ais	ai	aims	aic	ain	*ájo	*áis	*áit	*aémos	*aétes	*ájent
	Imperfect	avā	avas	avať	avamos	avates	avan	aiva	aivas	aive	aivaims	aivaic	aiven	*aévã	*aévas	*aévat	*aivámos	*aivátes	*aévant
	Past	ui	yťi	yť	ymos	yťes	yron	ouvi	ouvisti	ouviu	ouvimes	ouvistes	ouviren	*avúi	*avúisti	*avújut	*avúimmos	*avúistes	*avuéront
	Future	vero	veras	verať	veramos	verates	veran	auraju	aurais	aurai	auraims	auraic	aurain	*avére ájo	*avére áis	*avére áit	*avére aémos	*avére aétes	*avére ájent
	Conditional	veriā	verias	veriať	veriamos	veriates	verian	auraja	aurajas	auraje	aurajaims	aurajaic	aurajen	*avére aévã	*avére aévas	*avére aévat	*avére aivámos	*avére aivátes	*avére aévant
Subjunctive	Present	jā	jas	jať	jamos	jates	jan	aja	ajas	aje	ajaims	ajaic	ajen	*ájã	*ájas	*ájat	*ajámos	*ajátes	*ájant
	Imperfect	ysē	yses	yseť	ysemos	ysetes	ysen	ouvise	ouvises	ouvise	ouvisiems	ouvisiec	ouvisen	*avúissẽ	*avúisses	*avúisset	*avuissémos	*avuissétes	*avúissent
Imperative		jā	vē	jať	jamos	ate	jan	aja	ai	aje	ajaims	ait	ajen		*ái	*ájat	*ajámos	*aéte	*ájant
Infinitive		avere						avier						*avére
Present participle		avente (nom. sg.), aventes (gen. sg.)						aives (nom. sg.), avienc (gen. sg.)						*ávẽs (nom. sg.), *avèntes (gen. sg.)
Past participle		aveto, aveti; aveta, avete						ajuc, ajuto, ajuti; ajut, ajuta, ajute						*ávetos, *áveti; *áveta, *ávete *áitos, *áiti; *áita, *áite
Gerund		avendo (nom. sg.), avendi (gen. sg.)						aviendo (nom. sg.), aviendi (gen. sg.)						*avèndũ (nom. sg.), *avèndi (gen. sg.)

See also

• Nillonan onomasticon – a list of names in Nillonan
• Nodaimese Romance Swadesh lists